open loop gain of receiver amplifier

pulse amplitude

core radius

effective pump area

effective (modal) area of fiber

cross-sectional area of rth layer

data rate

noise bandwidth of amplifier

vacuum velocity of light

fiber dispersion (total)

Young’s modulus

polarization unit vectors for signal and local oscillator fields

tensile loading

excess noise factor (for APD)

Brillouin gain

Raman gain

leakage current (dark)

current modulation

power per unit area guided in single mode fiber

Boltzmann’s constant

Bessel function of order m

modified Bessel function of order m

vacuum wave vector

fiber length

length normalization factor

dispersion length

Weibull exponent

modulation depth

order of soliton

actual number of detected photons

effective refractive index

average number of detected photons per pulse

core index

cladding index

radial dependence of the core refractive index for a gradient-index

fiber

optical power guided by fiber

error probability

probability of fiber failure

received signal power

signal power

power in Raman-shifted mode

peak power

peak power of soliton

detector responsivity (A/W)

relative intensity noise

load resistor

radial dependence of the electric field

failure stress

signal-to-noise ratio measured in a bandwidth B_n

location parameter

temperature (Kelvin)

time

pulse width

normalized pulse amplitude

longitudinal coordinate

longitudinal dependence of the electric field

profile exponent

frequency chirp

attenuation of Raman-shifted mode

complex propagation constant

propagation constant

dispersion (2d order)

peak index difference between core and cladding

frequency deviation

change in length of fiber under load

phase difference between signal and local oscillator

source spectral width

time delay induced by strain

strain

heterodyne efficiency

critical angle

azimuthal dependence of the electric field

vacuum wavelength

cut-off wavelength

normalized distance

scalar component of the electric field

normalized amplitude distributions for signal and LO

amplifier noise

shot noise due to leakage current

Johnson noise power

receiver noise due to source RIN

signal shot noise

time normalized to moving frame

cylindrical coordinates in the fiber

FBG

fiber Bragg grating

FWHM

full width measured at half-maximum intensity

effective refractive index for light propagating in a single mode

pulses per second

propagation constant of optical fiber mode

magnitude of photoinduced refractive index change

grating coupling coefficient

spatial period (or pitch) of spatial feature measured along optical fiber

vacuum wavelength of propagating light

Bragg wavelength

length of grating

B

photodetector bandwidth

d

active layer thickness

e

electronic charge

F

noise figure

G

amplifier gain

Gs

single-pass gain

g

gain per unit length

small-signal gain

material gain coefficient

Planck’s constant

light intensity

saturated light intensity

J

current density

L

laser amplifier length

N

carrier density

transparency carrier density

photon density

saturated photon density

n

refractive index

signal power

shot noise power

thermal noise power

noise power from signal-spontaneous beating

noise power from spontaneous-spontaneous beating

R

reflectivity

R(N)

recombination rate

SNR

signal-to-noise ratio

V

volume of active layer

group velocity of light

w

laser amplifier stripe width

absorption coefficient

line width enhancement factor

optical confinement factor

population inversion factor

converted wavelength

signal wavelength

frequency

differential gain

carrier lifetime

phase shift

angular frequency, anti-Stokes light

angular frequency, pump light

angular frequency, Stokes light