Automobile

Intake and Exhaust Valves and Mechanisms (Automobile)

3.4. Intake and Exhaust Valves and Mechanisms 3.4.1. Intake and Exhaust Valves Functions and Arrangements The valve arrangement in an engine controls the in and out movements of charge and exhaust gases in the cylinders in relation to the piston positions in their bores. Now-a-days, this is located in the cylinder head on all the […]

Hydrogen Operated Engine (Automobile)

34.13. Hydrogen Operated Engine Present hydrogen engines are both spark and compression ignition IC engines operating on two-cycles. The hydrogen is injected into the cylinders in liquid form. Air, oxygen or argon is used with hydrogen in the engine combustion chamber. The power output of hydrogen-air engine is lower than petrol engine because of lower […]

Combined Power Source Vehicles (Hybrid Drives) (Automobile)

34.11. Combined Power Source Vehicles (Hybrid Drives) Internal combustion engines produce polluting emissions as well as deliver poor efficiency at part load. Electric drives on the other hand produce “no” emissions but have a limited range. The concept of hybrid drive is to combine the best aspects of each and minimise the worst. The principle […]

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Vehicles (Automobile)

34.12. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Vehicles Strict environmental norms and growing demand for fuel have quickened the quest for alternate fuels. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are receiving a great deal of attention and is being globally applied in vehicles. LPG and CNG have been used […]

Operation Costs of the Electric Vehicle (Automobile)

34.8. Operation Costs of the Electric Vehicle To make a fair comparison of the costs of operating an electric vehicle and a gasoline-driven vehicle, consideration must be given to the fact that the electric vehicle is not yet as sophisticated as it should be. Further it is expected that: (t) Specific energy consumption (energy per […]

Limitations of Present Day Electric Vehicle (Automobile)

34.9. Limitations of Present Day Electric Vehicle The commercial success of electric vehicle depends on the following major factors : (a) The end price of the electric vehicles. (b) The replacement cost of the propulsion battery. (c) The maximum range per charge of the electric vehicle. The end price of the electric vehicle can be […]

Solar Powered Vehicle (Automobile)

34.10. Solar Powered Vehicle The present trend of a steady increase in the population is causing rapid depletion in the reserves of fossil fuels due to increase in energy consumption. Therefore utilisation of alternate energy sources like solar photovoltaic cells has come up. 34.10.1. Photo-voltaic Cells Photovoltaic cells (often called solar cells) are semi-conductor devices, […]

Sale of Price of the Electric Vehicle (Automobile)

34.7. Sale of Price of the Electric Vehicle The present high capital price of EVs about two times of the analogous IC engine vehicle could be one of the key barriers to a wide spread diffusion of EVs. This limitation is partially related to the lack of an economy of scale able to reduce production […]

Battery for Electric Vehicles (Automobile)

34.6. Battery for Electric Vehicles The battery is the electric vehicle’s sole source of power and, as such, a critical component. The battery should store efficiently the maximum possible energy in a given volume and should provide power, reliability, recyclability, and safety. In fact battery technology will determine the future of the electric vehicle. The […]

Present EV Performance and Application (Automobile)

34.5. Present EV Performance and Application Current EVs have advantages and disadvantages, which restrain their applications to specific market niches. Commercially available EVs are able to travel in city traffic for up to 100 km (with a single battery charge). They require from 6 to 8 hours to fully recharge the battery, which may introduce […]

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