Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.2
(continued)
Molecular dyes or enzymatic reactions
Analyte
Dynamic range
Sensitivity/
detection Limit
Reference
Electrochemical sensing
Glucose
<100 mM
0.21 mM
[
94
97
]
-
Lactate
<50 mM
0.36 mM
[
94
,
95
]
Uric acid
<35 mM
1.38 mM
[
94
,
98
]
0.02 mmol L
−
1
Ascorbic acid
0.05
0.4 mM
[
98
]
-
20
-
200 mg/dL
−
1
13 mg/dL
−
1
Cholesterol
[
95
]
Ethanol
0.1
3 mM
0.2 mM
[
95
]
-
Pb(II)
<100 ppb
1.0 ppb
[
96
,
99
,
100
]
Cd(II)
10
-
100 ppb
2.3 ppb
[
100
]
10
−
4
ng mL
−
1
,
3.7
×
10
−
5
and
2.6
×
10
−
5
UmL
−
1
,
2.0
×
10
−
5
ng mL
−
1
Cancer and tumour markers
(AFP, CA 125-153, CEA)
<100 ng/mL or U/mL
[
101
-
104
]
pH
4
10
0.01 pH units
[
105
]
-
K
+
ions
10
−
5
10
−
1
M
10
−
6
M
4.1
×
[
105
]
-
NH
4
+
10
−
5
-
10
−
1
M
7.2
×
10
−
6
M
[
105
]
Dopamine
<100
µ
M
56.6
±
1.1 mV/unit
[
106
]
of pH
2.00 mmol L
−
1
fmol L
−
1
Paracetamol
0.05
25
µ
[
107
]
-
2.00 mmol L
−
1
fmol L
−
1
4-aminophenol
0.05
10
µ
[
107
]
-
1-butanethiol
2
-
200
µ
M
0.5
µ
M
[
108
]
Nanoparticles
DNase I
10
−
5
10
−
1
unit/
10
−
5
unit/
µ
L
μ
L
[
109
]
-
Adenosine
<250
µ
M
11.8
µ
M
[
110
]
Human IgG
<5 mg/L
10
µ
g/L
[
111
]
10
3
CFU/mL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus
0.5
10
×
500
5,000 CFU/ml
[
112
]
-
-
Glucose
0.5
-
100 mM
0.5 mM
[
113
]
Hg(II)
5
-
75 ppm
0.12 ppm
[
114
]
PfHRP2
5
40 ng/mL
2.9 ng/mL
[
115
]
-
20 ng mL
−
1
Goat IgG
0.05
1
µ
g/mL
[
116
]
-
Prostate-speci
c antigen
0.05
-
100
µ
g/L
*
360.2 ng/L
[
117
]
Cu
2+
ions
7.8
62.8
µ
M
7.8 nM
[
118
]
-
10
5
HIV gag DNA
HIV DNA
10
10 copies
[
119
]
-
<30
µ
gmL
−
1
10
µ
gmL
−
1
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
[
120
]
Immunoglobulin E
0.05
5 pmol
50 fmol
[
121
]
-
Cd
2+
ions
10 ppb
0.1
0.4 ppb
[
122
]
(continued)
-
