Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
which waste of the grapevine containing a lot of lignine have been added. It was
not revealed any phytotoxicity in both kinds of composts. Chemical and physical
properties of composts testified to an opportunity of their further use as fertilizers
(Bujang and Lopez
1993
; Jones et al.
1995
). Similar results earlier have been re-
ceived also by other researchers (Bujang and Lopez
1993
; Grobe
1995
; Oshins and
Kelvin
1992
; Verville
1996
).
The waste of housekeeping containing not less of 80 % of organic substances,
have been collected in compost heaps. One of heaps consisted of one food organic
waste of housekeeping, another from a mix of food organic waste of housekeeping
lignine and cellulose waste in a mass ratio 50:50. Value рН during of composting
increased from 5.0 up to 8.3 and the contents of ashes from 30 % up to 61 % after
composting both mixes within 6 months the contents of fat acids in investigated of
compost made 8.9 % up to and 2.95 % after 1 month of composting in recalcula-
tion on dry weight. The contents of sodium in compost, consisting of one organic
waste, was rather high and made 0.4-0.6 %, including on dry weight. Most the heat
during composting rose up to 68-70 °С. Later 3 month after the beginning of com-
posting the temperature inside of compost decreased to an ambient temperature.
The contents of heavy metals was much more below in compost, received of the
sorted food organic waste of housekeeping, than in compost from a mix of waste
of housekeeping and scraps of trees. Nevertheless, this content in compost was es-
sential below maximum permissible concentration, except for lead which contained
about 100 mg/kg in compost, received of a mix of organic waste of a house and
park economy. The general losses of gaseous nitrogen made at composting waste of
housekeeping of 50-52 and 26.2 % at composting mixes of organic waste of house
and park economy (Liao et al.
1994
).
2.6.2
Sewage Waste
For composting firm organic waste and the silt, the sewage which have remained
after a filtration, usually use anaerobic fermentation with the purpose of water treat-
ing and reception of biogas, however, in opinion of separate researchers, for pro-
cessing such waste can be used with success aerobic composting. In this case waste
of sewage usually mixes with other organic sources, such, as manure, waste of the
timber industry and inorganic sorbents (Logsdon
1991
,
1993
; Kjolhede
1994
; Bye
1991
; Lufkin et al.
1995
; Lopez and Baptista
1996
). A mix of manure, dirtiness and
silt from waste of sewage in the beginning process highly active Ca(OH)
2
for de-
struction of pathogens and then subject fermentations bacteria, for example such, as
Bacillus badius
or
Cellulomonas,
at a controllable level рН. The received fermented
product can be used as fertilizer for ground (Lufkin et al.
1995
; Lopez and Baptista
1996
). The simple and cheap method of partial sewage treatment and the subsequent
reception of compost by passing sewage through a layer of wood shavings or large
sawdust is offered. Received after that the product is punched, and water after addi-
tional clearing can be used for various needs (Lufkin et al.
1995
). Dry deposits from
