Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
phase, is important for splitting lignine and cellulose. The complex of the organic
components similar lignine, is split mainly under action thermophile mushroom
cultures and actinomycete. The optimum temperature for thermophile mushroom
cultures 40-50 °С also is optimum for splitting lignine in compost (Tuomela et al.
2000
). Challenge is composting wood waste which, as is known, contain 22-27 %
of lignine (Rabinovich et al.
2001
; Bolobova et al.
2002
). Reception of composts
from waste of wood can be carried out even in regions of the Far North at ambient
temperature − 30 to − 40 °С as during composting the temperature inside compost
achieves 60 °С and above. Duration composting 90-27 °C day, but compost can
be used as fertilizer and after 3 month of composting. Use of such compost essen-
tially increased productivity of a potato, and tubers had low the contents of nitrates
(Bannick and Joergensen
1993
).
Especially successful compost it is possible to receive at biodegradation of shav-
ings, sawdust and so forth after addition to them of superphosphate, nitrate of am-
monium, urea, sulfate potassium, and also salts of microcells: copper, cobalt, mo-
lybdenum and a pine forest. In this case composting it is possible to spend at 23 °C
under a layer of the punched polythene. As a result occurs the bio destruction on
50-53 % readily available carbohydrates and on 65 % remote carbohydrates. Time
composting made 90 day at periodic humidifying compost. The deduction of com-
post nutrients and nitrogen took place also. Final ratio С:N varied within the limits
of 20-35 depending on structure of punched mixes (Mondini et al.
1996
). Close
results receive and after 4-month's composting hydrolyzates of the wood cellulose
containing lignine (McEvoy
1993
).
Influence of relation С:N and humidity on efficiency of composting was inves-
tigated on an example of poplar wood the crushed wood (the size of particles of
1,7 mm) was punched on pilot installation. Ratio С:N were: 10:1, 30:1 and 50:1 at
use of urea as a source of nitrogen. For each mix the humidity (30, 50 and 70 %)
got out. Ratio С:N equal 50:1 or 30:1, and humidity of 70 % were most effective for
composting. As the indicator of a level of a mineralization of wood from a poplar
used amount allocated СО
2
(Bernal et al.
1993
). The bulked up chips remaining after
cutting down of trees, punched in a mix with various organic and inorganic connec-
tions in an aerobic reactor for composting during 5 months and then in clamps too
within 5 months. As organic substances used bird's excrement, urea, connections of
nitrogen with Ca(OH)
2
, and also compost, received by fast processing of food waste
and dust during 24 h in bacterial fermenter. As inorganic components ashes of a var-
ious origin has been used. On the basis of chemical properties received compost the
conclusion is made, that it corresponds to necessary requirements (Andersen et al.
2011
). Examples of hydrolysis of waste of wood materials are described in works of
other researchers (Atkinson et al.
1996
; Bolobova et al.
2002
; Sellami et al.
2008
).
2.4.5
Composting the Hydrolytic Lignine
Lignine on the structure it is close to structure of humus (Tuomela et al.
2000
) and
consequently represents especially interesting object for composting. It is known,
