Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
that hydrolytic lignine—a product of acid processing of wood at reception of a
paper, consists from actually lignine (88 %), the rests poly- and mono- carbohy-
drates, organic acids, pitches, wax, nitrogenous substances and cindery elements
(Tuomela et al. 2000 ; Rabinovich et al. 2001 ). At composting such lignine under in-
fluence of association of microorganisms there is a change of molecule-mass struc-
ture, the acid-cores of properties, molecular structures. So, by the end of the third
month composting the increase the contents phenolic OH and COOH groups, and
also amount of negative charges on macromolecules was observed. Cultivation of
barley with entering into ground composting lignine as fertilizer has shown, that
these changes increased biological activity hydrolytic lignine (Kanotra and Mathur
1994 ). The ulmification substances of compost from lignine and their influence on
properties of podsolic ground were investigated on an example of compost from
manure with a lignine material and a lignine hydrolysate. Spectral and other data
have shown, that hydrolized lignine as from compost, and received to straight lines
by, differs on the structure from ulmification acids, and in a greater degree for the
connections containing carbon, than for the connections containing nitrogen. How-
ever, introduction in ground ulmification substances renders positive influence on
the status ulmification components in ground, it cationic capacity and buffer ability
(Neklyudov and Ivankin 2006 ; Holikulov and Ortikov 2007 ).
2.5
Laws of Composting
Unfortunately, among the big abundance of works on various composting organic
wastes seldom there are the works, devoted to studying of kinetic laws composting
such waste. In this connection special interest represents one their works in which
spent studying kinetic of composting mixes of some kinds of agricultural waste: a
grass (54 %), tomatoes (10,6 %), pepper (20 %) and eggplants (15,4 %). For carrying
out of reaction vertical reactors with compulsory aeration and one usual a reactor of
convection type have been used. Allocation СО 2 and change of temperature record-
ed speed in 3 various places of reactors. Every day supervised moisture content, рН
and speed of decomposition of organic substances in a punched mix. Kinetic mod-
els of process have been investigated some. According to the received data the op-
timal model which mathematical description appeared as follows has been chosen:
M
a
(
)
K
=
exp
Tc
d
c
T
M
T
c
T
( .)
Cb
Where, K Т —speed of decomposition (total of flying substances, g/g total of flying
substances a day); Т —Temperature of process, °С; М С —Daily moisture content in
a mix, %; C —daily speed of allocation СО 2 during composting an organic mix in
a reactor for composting, %; a , b, c and d —constants of reaction. According to the
received results the highest speed of splitting of organic substances and optimum
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