Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
(Rabinovich et al.
2001
). However during composting in some cases action of these
microorganisms and the enzymes produced by last is essentially distorted due to
various factors which usually do not manage to be considered at drawing up of a
punched mix. Therefore those laws which are observed during composting though
partially and coincide with the data published in monographs (Bolobova et al.
2002
),
each time demand additional specification. As is known, lignine cellulose the waste
containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignine, are the mixed sources of carbon
and the nitrogen, necessary for composting. However in the majority of them the
contents of nitrogen is not enough for reception effective compost and consequently
at them composting to them add manure, urea, waste of the meat, dairy, fish, brew-
ing industry and other sources of carbon (Imbeah
1998
). One of widely widespread
kinds are waste of the paper and timber industry. So, for example, manufacture 10 t
can bring papers, on one data, in occurrence 10-20 t waste, including lignine, sew-
age, scraps of the paper and a pulp (Ekinci et al.
2006
), on other data, these waste
make more than 20 % for a small paper-mill (Arner
1995
). Such big divergence in
data speaks first of all that in the second case waste only one paper whereas in the
first case practically all waste of paper manufacture is considered. Not the smaller
amount of waste is formed and as a result processing of wood and preparation of
it various products. The part of these waste, especially in carpentry the industries,
goes on manufacturing of furniture whereas the most part at the best is burnt, and in
the worst sends on dumps, being one of many contaminant environments.
2.4.3
Composting of Paper Waste
One of the most simple and fast methods of processing of waste of a paper is their
mixing with manure of cattle as an additional source of nitrogen and microorgan-
isms. Depending on a ratio of paper waste and manure can be received compost
with a various ratio of carbon and nitrogen (Buchanan and Fulford
1992
). Instead
of manure additional sources of nitrogen, for example urea or waste of the food-
processing industry can be added (Bannick and Joergensen
1993
; Oshins and Fio-
rina
1993
; Sun et al.
2011
).
2.4.4
Decomposition of Lignin Cellulose Waste
Effective decomposition paper and others lignine cellulose waste during compost-
ing is closely connected and with decomposition of lignine. Degradation of lig-
nine under action basidiomycets—white decay is intensively investigated last years
(Rabinovich et al.
2001
; Bolobova et al.
2002
; Zwart
1990
). As is known, the or-
ganic substance of similar waste turns in СО
2
, humus and heat at composting at
presence of microorganisms. It is come out with the assumption, that humus it is
formed mainly from lignine. Thus, lignine is not completely salinity during com-
posting a component. The increased temperature observed during thermophile of a
