Strut-and-tie modeling - Computational Analysis and Design of Bridge Structures - page 429

58.3 kip 58.3 kip 58.3 kip 58.3 kip

6′ 4′ 6′

6.3 kip/ft 6.3 kip/ft

10′ 10′

1′ 1′

(g)

(h)

Figure 13.15 (Continued) (g) Factored live load configuration to maximize positive
moments. (h) Loading resulting from maximizing of positive moments. (Data
from Martin Jr., B.T. and Sanders, D.H., “Analysis and Design of Hammerhead
Pier Using Strut and Tie Method,” Final Report-Project 20-07_Task 217,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research
Board, Washington, DC, November, 2007.)

defined by first locating the node coordinates. The horizontal coordinates
of the boundary nodes is either defined (1) by an applied load or bearing
support or (2) at the intersecting lines of thrust from the beam and column
members. The transverse tension ties in the truss mechanism are then located
according to the selected numerical truss (single-point Gauss quadrature).
Each member in the C-STM is comprised of two elements that model the
individual behavior of steel and concrete in that member. The two elements
are constrained together to give the combined steel-concrete response.
After assigning axial rigidities of steel and concrete elements and defining
nonlinear constitutive material relations, the C-STM could be applied to
any nonlinear structural analysis software. The C-STM can be modeled