Strut-and-tie modeling - Computational Analysis and Design of Bridge Structures - page 430

Longitudinal
strain gage

42 1/4′′ 23 1/2′′ 17 7/8′′ 24 3/8′′

5C 4C 2C 2B 4B 5B

3C

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 1C 1B 3B

Transverse
strain gages

Arch strut Longitudinal steel

Transverse steel Truss strut

(a)

Steel member

5C

4C

5C

2C

4C

2C

2C

Concrete
member

1C

2C

1C

(b)

Figure 13.16 (a) C-STM model of a deep bent cap by Scott et al. (2000). (Data from Scott,
R.M et al., ACI Structural Journal , 109, 635-644, 2012.) (b) C-STM model of a deep
bent cap by SAP2000. (Data from SAP2000, “Integrated Software for Structural
Analysis & Design,” Computer and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, CA, 2007.)

using separate trusses with nodes constrained together to give the com-
bined steel-concrete member response. This is most easily simulated by
duplicating the assigned nodes in the out-of-plane axis to form two sepa-
rate trusses and constraining the degree of freedom for each of the duplicate