Energy Efficiency of Passenger Transport in Poznan Agglomeration in the Face of Peak Oil - Technology Management for Sustainable Production and Logistics - page 149

than 95 % of cases are fuelled by products of petroleum refining processes. This
dependence caused the transportation sector to account for over the half of the use
of petroleum supply in 2012 (2.14 billion tonnes). Apart from crude oil, the trans-
portation industry used up around 110 million tonnes of other types of fuel, which
consisted mainly of biofuel and synthetic fuels (BP 2014a ). Even such high con-
sumption of oil would not be alarming if there was no real and imminent threat
of reaching a peak in the oil extraction, whose arrival is accelerated by increasing
demand for transportation.
Road transport has a dominant share in this consumption. Its share in the trans-
portation industry is growing dynamically, especially of individual vehicle own-
ership in passenger transport, which can be observed in all developing countries,
including Poland. The results of this dominance are increasing environmental pol-
lution, accidents and traffic congestion, all of which have become common prob-
lems in cities worldwide. Additionally, in the European Union, which has currently
almost no petroleum resources and the production is able to satisfy only about
10 % of demand, solving these problems has become a challenge of top priority.
Therefore, it is essential to look for solutions which will enable to satisfy the
need for mobility in societies at the same time being resource-efficient and remain-
ing energy-saving, and will generate external costs that are as low as possible. The
aim of this chapter is to analyze the level of energy intensity of individual passenger
transport, with the use of passenger cars or public transport in Poznan agglomeration.
2 The Demand for Petroleum in the Transportation
Industry
In 2012, 52.7 % of petroleum supply was used in the transportation sector. The
remaining amount was used by the general industry (29.4 %), energy industry
(6 %) and other sectors of the economy (11.9 %), including a considerable share
of farming. Also, the consumption of petroleum in the transportation industry grew
at the highest pace. Between 1990 and 2012 its consumption in the transportation
industry rose to 44.7 %, whereas in the general industry and the remaining
sectors it was 31.1 and 3.6 % respectively. In the energy industry, a fall by
17.4 % (BP 2014a ) was observed. Even if calculated per capita, the worldwide
consumption of petroleum in the transportation industry rose at the fastest pace,
but obviously its dynamics was lower due to the constant growth in the number
of the world population. In the examined period, the per capita growth was by
10 %, from 273 to more than 300 kg, ranging from around 80 kg in Africa to over
1,380 kg in North America (BP 2014a , b ; UN 2013 ). In Poland the mean con-
sumption in the transportation in 2012 was 460 kg (Eurostat 2013 ).
One of the key factors shaping the demand for transportation is the level of
economic development calculated by means of gross domestic product (GDP per
capita) and, more specifically, the level of disposable income by each citizen or
household (Fig. 1 ).