Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9.3
Motion in the shoulder complex tested during ex-vivo experiments
Primary movement
Humeral orientation
Plane
Frontal (
=
0
ₒ
)
Abduction
Internal rotation
Neutral
External rotation
Sagittal (
=
90
ₒ
)
Flexion-Extension
Internal rotation
Neutral
External rotation
2 intermediate plane of elevation (
=
30 and 60
ₒ
)
Elevation
Internal rotation
Neutral
External rotation
Hand-to-back
Neutral
Quasi frontal plane
Hand-to-head
Neutral
Quasi frontal plane
Humeral translation
Shoulder elevation and
pro-/retro-traction
elbow flexed at 90
ₒ
, forearm in neutral position with the thumb up). Planar and out-
of-plane passive motions were performed by an experienced physiotherapist who
moved the specimen's upper limbs along the required motion planes (as described in
Table
9.3
) and controlled the humerus longitudinal orientation (internal or external
rotations, or neutral). Motions covering a wide range of the reaching volume of the
shoulder complex were recorded.
All movements were recorded using a stereophotogrammetry system including,
eight cameras (VICON 612, Oxford Metrics Ltd, Oxford, UK, frequency: 120Hz,
resolution: 1000
1000 pixels). All movement data sets include spatial information,
i.e. 3D coordinates, related to the trajectory of the reflective markers fixed on the
subject. Data was stored in the standard C3D format. Technical cluster trajectories
were then solidified and smoothed.
×
In-vivo Data Collection
Preparation of the volunteers was similar then during ex-vivo experiments. The only
difference was the placement of the reflective markers. The technical clusters includ-
ing the markers were strapped around the volunteers' segments-of-interest (Fig.
9.3
).
Special care was taken that the strapping did not disturb the volunteers when per-
forming shoulder displacements. The remaining of the in-vivo protocol was similar
to the ex-vivo one (see above).
