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negative feelings (evaluative affect)
A good idea
Summative
about performing the target behavior Pleasant/unpleasant
(Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1989)
Beneficial to the task
Attitude:
(Moon, 2001) Defined the
Using a computer is:
same way as defined by Davis
Good/bad
Summative
et al. (1989)
Wise/foolish
Unclear
Pleasant/unpleasant
Positive/negative
Cognitive absorption:
A state of
Temporal dissociation
deep involvement with software
Focused immersion
(Agarwal and Karahanna, 2000)
Heightened enjoyment
Control
Curiosity
Computer anxiety:
The tendency
Computer anxiety rating scale (CARS):
of individuals to be uneasy, appre-
1. I feel insecure about my ability to interpret a computer
hensive, or fearful about current or
printout.
future use of computers (Brosnan,
2. I look forward to using a computer.
1999; Coffin and MacIntyre, 1999;
3. I do not think I would be able to learn a computer
Compeau and Higgins, 1995b;
programming language.
Compeau et al., 1999; Durndell and
4. Learning about computers is an exciting challenge.
Haag, 2002; Karahanna et al., 2002;
5. I am confident that I can learn computer skills.
Perry and Ballou, 1997; Thatcher
6. Anyone can learn to use a computer if he or she is patient
and Perrewe, 2002; Webster
and motivated.
et al., 1990)
7. Learning to operate computers is like learning any new
skill—the more you practice, the better you become.
8. I am afraid that if I begin to use computers I will become
dependent upon them and lose some of my reasoning
skills.
9. I am sure that with time and practice I will be as comfort-
able working with computers as I am in working with
a typewriter.
10. I feel that I will be able to keep up with the advances
happening in the computer field.
11. I dislike working with machines that are smarter than I am.
12. I feel apprehensive about using computers.
13. I have difficulty in understanding the technical aspects of
computers.
(
continued
)
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