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transmit toward the nucleus to develop proper response. h is cellular communica-
tion process results in
• Surface marker changes
• Changes in cellular distribution
• Environmental changes
• Destruction of foreign invaders
• Destruction of anomalous cells
1.7 Summary
h is chapter is intended for the readers having no or little knowledge of the BIS, and
discusses topics that are available in basic immunology textbooks. However, this
chapter neither covers latest fi ndings nor provides enough information for immu-
nologists as this topic is primarily intended for researchers interested in abstract
biological concepts and developing artifacts.
h is chapter summarizes the basic elements of the BIS. Particularly, roles of
various organs, immune cells (such as B cells, T cells, and other lymphocytes), and
the overall process by which an antigen recognition occurs are described. h us, the
purpose of this chapter is to provide an abstract view of the biological immune sys-
tem and its important mechanism that inspired to develop computational models.
1.8 Review Questions
1. Write short notes on antigen, antibody, innate immunity, and adaptive
immunity.
2. What is the role of B cells in immune response?
3. What is the role of T cells in immune response?
4. What is the role of helper T cells?
5. What are the main diff erences between humoral immunity and cell-mediated
immunity?
6. What is the main distinction between self/nonself recognition?
7. What is the role of APCs in immune response?
8. Explain the statement “antigen recognition is approximate.”
9. How is the circulatory system involved in immune response?
10. What is the purpose of immune memory?
11. What is the relationship between antibodies and B cells?
12. Explain the terms clonal selection, somatic hypermutation, and a
nity
maturation.
13. Describe with a diagram the clonal expansion process.
14. Which are the immune system's features that make it inherently distributed
and fault-tolerant?
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