Vascular Endothelium - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 504

Table 9.16. Endothelial cells are able to synthesize multiple growth factors (Source: [ 928 ]).
( Part 3 ) Peptides and other types of hormones and growth factors (Cont.; ApoER: apolipoprotein-E
receptor; LRP: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; PTHRP: parathyroid hormone-
related protein; RXFP: relaxin family peptide receptor; VLDLR: very-low-density lipoprotein
receptor). Midkine receptor is the complex formed by receptor protein Tyr phosphatase PTPRb,
low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP1, anaplastic leukemia kinase (ALK), and
syndecan. Three pleiotrophin receptors exist (N-syndecan, receptor protein Tyr phosphatase
PTPRb, and ALK). Neurturin, a member of the GDNF family, like artemin, binds to a complex
formed by GFR α 2 and Ret receptor protein Tyr kinase.

Type Receptors

Midkine PTPRb-LRP1-ALK-syndecan

Pleiotrophin receptor
Oxytocin receptor

Neurokinin-1 (substance-P) NK 1

Neuromedin-U Neurokinin-A/B receptors

Neuropeptide-Y Neuropeptide-Y receptors

Neurotensin receptors

Neurturin GFRa2

Prokineticin-1/2 Prokineticin receptor (PKR)

Proopiomelanocortin
PTHRP
Reelin

Reelin receptors (VLDLR, ApoER2 [LRP8])

Relaxin RXFP1

Salusin- (torsin-2A)

Somatostatin

α / β

SstR

Urocortin-1-urocortin-3 Urocortin (CRF) receptor

Urotensin-2 Urotensin-2 receptor

Vasohibin
Vasopressin Vasopressin receptor

that leads to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2
via PLC

γ

and PKC enzymes. The Cdh5-VEGFR2 complex limits cell proliferation
by preventing activation of ERK1 and ERK2 kinases.

9.5.10 MicroRNAs

Specific microRNAs are involved in various developmental processes, especially
mechanisms that support the formation of blood and its circulation, such as cardio-
and angiogenesis and hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Dicer (Vol. 1 - Chap. 5.
Protein Synthesis) that is constitutively expressed in endothelial cells is required for
appropriate vasculo- and angiogenesis in embryos (Chap. 10 )[ 933 ]. Drosha alters
endothelial cell function and angiogenesis to a lesser extent than Dicer, althhough
Drosha silencing in endothelial cells impairs capillary sprouting and vascular tube
formation, two activities associated with endothelial cells.