Vascular Endothelium - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 503

Table 9.15. Endothelial cells are able to synthesize multiple growth factors (Source: [ 928 ]).
( Part 2 ) Peptides and other types of hormones and growth factors (C1qTNF: C1q and tumor-
necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein; GHR: growth hormone receptor; NPR: natriuretic peptide
receptor; RAMP: receptor activity-modifying protein). Angiogenic factor with G patch and
FHA domains (AGGF1), or vasculogenesis gene on 5q protein (VG5q), is a potent angiogenic
factor that may act as an autocrine growth factor promoting slightly endothelial cell proliferation.
Mutations of the AGGF1 gene cause Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome characterized by an enhanced
angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-1 and -2 and their receptor protein Tyr kinases TIE1 and TIE2 are
involved in angiogenesis, Ang1 as a paracrine agonist of TIE2 and Ang2 as an autocrine TIE2
antagonist. In the absence of VEGF, Ang2 antagonizes Ang1 and causes vessel regression;
in the presence of VEGF, Ang2 facilitates vascular sprouting. Whereas Ang1 is produced by
perivascular cells and stabilize quiescent endothelium, Ang2 is secreted by endothelial cells during
angiogenesis. Artemin, an auto- and paracrine factor, is a member of the GDNF family with
neurturin, persephin, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. It binds to a complex formed
by GPI-anchored coreceptor GFR α 3 and Ret receptor protein Tyr kinase Granins are also called

chromogranins or secretogranins.

Type Receptors

AGGF1 AGGF1 receptor (integrin- α β 1 ) 5

Angiopoietin-2 TIE1-TIE2

Artemin Adrenomedullin receptor (RAMP2/3)

Bradykinin Bradykinin BR, bombesin BBR

Cartducin (C1QTNF3) Cartducin receptor

CNP (BNP/CNP) NPR (GuCy2)

CGRP, gastrin Cholecystokinin CCKR

Cortistatin receptor
CRHR

Endothelin-1/2/3 ETR

Met enkaphalin

Op 1 ,Op 4

Ghrelin Ghrelin receptor

GHR

Granin (ScG2 or CGc) Granin receptor

Kisspeptin GPR54

be phosphorylated and to activate the MAPK pathway. The Cdh5- Ctn complex is

involved in the development of the cardiovascular apparatus. It links to VEGFR2 to
reduce its activity due to coclustered PTPRj phosphatase [ 931 ]. 67
Confluent endothelial cells hence respond poorly to VEGF factor. Phosphatase
PTPRj colocalizes with cadherin-5 and

β

-catenin at adherens junctions between
endothelial cells. It dephosphorylates VEGFR2 and impedes its normal endocytosis

β

67 Plasmalemmal protein Tyr phosphatase PTPRj is also called density-enhanced PTP (DEP1),
HPTP η , and CD148. It is expressed on blood leukocytes, B and T cells, granulocytes, macrophages,
certain dendritic cells, and mature thymocytes. In non-lymphoid tissues, it is found on many
epithelial cell types with glandular and/or endocrine differentiation as well as on fibrocytes,
melanocytes, and Schwann cells [ 932 ].