Vascular Endothelium - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 502

Table 9.14. Endothelial cells are able to synthesize multiple growth factors (Source: [ 928 ]).
( Part 1 ) Growth factors (CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; PlGF: placental growth factor;
RBP: retinol binding protein; S1PR: sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor). Protein production is
influenced by cell localization, type, maturation level (immature or fully-differentiated cell),
activity status (resting or activated cell), context (healthy or disease) in a given animal species.
Weibel-Palade bodies are secretory granules that store hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, in
addition to enzymes, receptors, and adhesion molecules, and release them in response to adequate
stimuli. Sprouty proteins (Spry1-Spry4) produced by endothelial cells antagonize fibroblast (FGF),
epidermal (EGF), hepatocyte (HGF), and vascular endothelial (VEGF) growth factors, as it is a
negative feedback regulator of multiple receptor Tyr kinases.

Type Receptors

BMP1-BMP7, BMP9 BMPR1/2

BMP14 (GDF5)
GDF15

CTGF CTGFR

CSF1/2/3 CSF1R/2R/3R; erythropoietin EpoR

HBEGF, HER1-HER4

neuregulin-1, TGF α

ephrin-A1-A5/B1-B2 EPHa1-EPHa8, EPHb1-EPHb4, EPHb6

FGF1/2/4/5/7/8/12/16/18/22 FGFR1/2/3/5

HGF HGFR

IGF1/2 Insulin receptor; IGFR1/2

NGF TNFRSF16

Neurotrophin-3/4 NTRK

PDGFa-PDGFd PDGFR

SCF SCFR

TGF β 1-TGF β 3 ALK1, T β R1 (ALK5), T β R2,

follistatin, FSL1/2, Cryptic

inhibins

VEGFa-VEGFd VEGFR1-VEGFR3

VEGFa 121 / 165 / 189 Neuropilin-1/2 (VEGF coreceptors)

PlGF1/3/4

S1P S1PR1

In sparse cells, VEGF quickly induces VEGFR2 clathrin-dependent endocytosis
for a long duration. 66 Internalized VEGFR2 then associates with PLC

γ

and PKC to

66 Receptor endocytosis controls the signaling magnitude, duration, and nature. Endothelial cells in
contact do not respond to proliferation signals of vascular endothelial growth factor.