Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
of.e-waste,.particularly.televisions.and.computers.(Rolls.et.al..2009),.and.also.
supported.regulation.for.end-of-life.treatment.of.televisions.and.computers.
(Environment. Protection. and. Heritage. Council. 2009).. A. growing. number.
of.researchers.are.concerned.about.e-waste.issues.in.Australia..Herat.(2007).
reviewed. sustainable. management. in. e-waste. problems.. Davis. and. Herat.
(2008). surveyed. the. level. of. understanding. and. action. on. e-waste. to. assist.
with. e-waste. management. efforts. by. the. local. government. in. Queensland,.
Australia.
Economy, Society, and Culture
The.growth.and.rapid.advances.in.electronic.technology.point.to.more.con-
sumers.generating.ever-larger.volumes.of.e-waste..Some.e-waste.is.exported.
for.reprocessing.in.developing.countries.where.it.creates.job.opportunities,.
whereas.some.e-waste.is.recycled.locally..The.huge.impact.of.e-waste.recy-
cling. on. both. the. economic. system. and. society. is. that. it. provides. income.
for. poor. people,. but. it. also. increases. the. costs. for. consumers. and. produc-
ers.. Jung. and. Bartel. (1999). investigated. economic. data. in. a. computer. col-
lection. and. recycling. company. for. comparison. with. alternative. electronic.
device.management.systems.. Kang. and.Schoenung.(2006).examined. many.
techniques. for. e-waste. treatment. and. considered. their. costs. and. returns..
Nixon.and.Saphores.(2007).studied.the.willingness.to.pay.for.the.recycling.
of. e-waste. in. California.. They. found. that. the. majority. of. respondents. pay.
only.1%.of.the.advanced.recycling.fee..Gregory.and.Kirchain.(2008).created.a.
framework.that.considered.various.factors.such.as.the.activities.of.recycling.
process,. cash. low. elements,. and. resources. for. evaluating. economic. per-
formance. in.a. recycling.system..Liu.et.al..(2009).investigated. the.economic.
assessment.of.recycling.systems.in.order.to.evaluate.the.economic.feasibility.
of. e-waste. treatment. in. municipal. China.. Darby. and. Obara. (2005). studied.
consumer.behavior.and.attitudes.toward.discarding.small.items.of.e-waste.
at. the. household. level.. Manhart. (2007). studied. the. social. impacts. of. elec-
tronic.devices.and.e-waste.recycling..He.found.that.e-waste.recycling.has.a.
positive. impact. on. the. economy,. providing. jobs. for. approximately. 700,000.
people.in.China..However,.these.industries.pose.a.risk.to.human.health.and.
the. environment.. Saphores. et. al.. (2009). surveyed. the. volumes. of. e-waste.
stored.in.basements.and.attics.and.found.4.2.items.of.small.e-waste.and.2.4.
items.of.large.e-waste.per.U.S..household.
Science and Technology
There.have.been.a.number.of.models.developed.to.support.decision.making.
to.overcome.the.problems.of.e-waste..For.example,.Yu.et.al..(2000).developed.
a.decision-making.model.for.material.recycling.and.disposition.of.e-waste.in.
terms.of.environmental.impact,.recycling.feasibility,.and.intensity.of.resource.
recovery.. Nagurney. and. Toyasaki. (2005). created. the. reverse. supply. chain.
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