Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Factor analysis
Process analysis (material, labor,
transfer, value added, disposal)
Information
system/
database
Tool (such as life cycle assessment,
material flow analysis, multi criteria,
extended producer responsibility)
Important assessment (environment,
human health, economic)
FIGURE 11.1
Overview.assessment.methodology..(Modiied.from.Widmer,.R..et.al.,.
Environ. Impact Assess.
Rev
.,.25,.436,.2005.)
European. countries. have. developed. e-waste. regulations. since. the. early.
1990s.. These. regulations. are. based. on. the. concept. of. extended. producer.
responsibility.(EPR),.where.producers.of.the.product.are.encouraged.to.miti-
gate.e-waste.issues.(Tojo.2001)..Japan,.with.its.large.and.mature.ICT.industry,.
has.ongoing.concerns.about.e-waste.issues..Its.home.appliance.recycling.law.
was. passed. in. May. 1998. and. enforced. in. 2001. to. encourage. recycling. and.
curtail. disposal. costs. (Kawakami. 2001).. In. China,. environmental. concerns.
are.growing.appreciably.after.the.huge.importation.of.e-wastes.from.around.
the.world.for.reprocessing..The.Chinese.government.has.drafted.a.legisla-
tion.and.proposed.market.mechanisms.to.encourage.the.recycling.and.safe.
disposal.of.e-waste..The.objective.of.the.draft.is.to.improve.the.framework.
of. the. country's. e-waste. recycling. system.. Pilot. programs. are. operating. in.
Qingdao. and. Zhejiang. to. change. the. attitudes. and. practices. of. Chinese.
toward.e-waste.(Hicks.et.al..2005)..Sinha-Khetriwal.et.al..(2006).studied.the.
progress. of. e-waste. legislation. within. the. framework. of. the. Swiss. global.
e-waste.program.in.China,. India,.and.South. Africa.. The.authors. identiied.
ive. areas. of. concern:. the. deinition. of. e-waste,. producer. responsibilities,.
orphan.appliances,.setting.collection.and.recycling.targets,.and.monitoring.
authority..These.questions.provide.a.broad.framework.for.successful.devel-
opment.of.legislation..Nnorom.and.Osibanjo.(2008).also.investigated.the.con-
cept.of.extended.producer.responsibility.(EPR).in.e-waste.management.and.
regulation.with.a.view.to.progressing.EPR.in.developing.nations.
Australia.has.been.concerned.about.the.impact.of.e-waste.since.the.1990s..
Environment.Australia.provided.guidelines.for.the.treatment.of.hazardous.
waste.electronic.scrap.under.the.act.in.1999.(Environment.Australia.1999)..In.
2005,.the.State.EPAs.collaborated.to.survey.the.amount.of.household.e-waste.
(IPSOS.2005)..In.addition,.the.Environment.Protection.and.Heritage.Council.
offered.to.investigate.the.willingness.of.consumers.to.pay.for.the.recycling.
Search WWH ::
Custom Search