Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
exists in the potential therapeutic value of laser phototherapy for restoring
denervated muscle resulting from peripheral nerve injury. We have previ-
ously suggested that the function of denervated muscles can be partially pre-
served by temporary prevention of denervation-induced biochemical
changes (
Rochkind et al., 2009
). The function of denervated muscles can
be restored, not completely but to a very substantial degree, by laser treat-
ment, initiated at the earliest possible stage postinjury.
Iyomasa, Garavelo,
Iyomasa, Watanabe, and Issa (2009)
found that the treatment of lesioned
muscles with low-level He-Ne laser therapy could increase mitochondrial
activity in muscular fibers and activate fibroblasts and macrophages and stim-
ulate angiogenesis.
Schwartz, Brodie, Appel, Kazimirsky, and Shainberg
(2002)
found that, after irradiation of muscle cell cultures (632 nm,
3 J/cm2, 20 mW), there was a rise in the levels of nerve growth factor,
which is a neurotrophic factor secreted by skeletal muscles that influences
the survival and regeneration of sympathetic and sensitive neurons in the
peripheral nervous system. Other neurotropic growth factors are also bio-
stimulated by laser therapy, such as GAP-43 (
Shin et al., 2003
) and fibroblast
growth factor (
Ihsan, 2005
).
The data collected from different experimental studies support our results
and help to understand the mechanism of influence of low-power laser irra-
diation (visible and near-infrared wavelengths) and muscle tissue. It has been
demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and augmented
collagen synthesis are elicited by traumatic muscular injury, effects that were
significantly decreased by laser treatment (
Silveira et al., 2013
). Evaluation of
mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and succinate dehydrogenase
activities after traumatic muscular injury shows that the laser treatment
may induce an increase in ATP synthesis, and that this may accelerate the
muscle healing process (
Silveira et al., 2009
) and delay fusion of cultured
myoblasts (
Wollman and Rochkind, 1993
). The increase in muscle fibers
area and mitochondrial density after laser treatment was reported after mus-
cle toxic injury (
Amaral, Parizotto, & Salvini, 2001
). The process of regen-
eration in denervated muscles was markedly enhanced in muscle that was
irradiated by laser prior to injury, probably by the activation (stimulation
of proliferation and/or differentiation) of cells in the muscles that are “rec-
ruited” and participate in the process of regeneration (
Bibikova and Oron,
1995
). In model of prolonged muscle ischemia, laser treatment decreased
posttraumatic changes in CK and lactate dehydrogenase (
Lakyov´,
Toporcer, Tomeˇkov´, Sabo, & Radoˇak, 2010
). A positive effect on mus-
cle metabolism was found after cryolesion injury, whereas Cyclo-oxyge 2
