Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Rymer
et al
. (2011) added 45 (grower) and
50 g SDA oil containing 24% of SDA (see
Table 7.6 for composition) per kg i nisher
broiler diet and compared this with
conventional soybean oil and i sh oil. h e
authors did not observe any signii cant
inl uence of SDA oil on feed intake, weight
gain and feed conversion rate in the animals,
but they found higher concentrations of
SDA as well as C
20
and C
22
polyunsaturated
fatty acids in various body fats (Table 10.13).
Table 10.14 shows the inl uence of added
oils on the body pool size of n-3 fatty acids
in broilers.
Finally, Rymer
et al
. (2011) investigated
the inl uence of three oil sources (soybean
oil, SDA oil and i sh oil) on the sensory
attributes of breast and leg meat. Aroma,
taste and aftertaste of freshly cooked breast
meat were not inl uenced signii cantly by oil
sources. Fishy aromas, tastes and aftertastes
were associated with higher concentrations
of n-3 fatty acids in the meat (see Table
10.14), being most noticeable in leg meat
after i sh oil supplementation, but also in
reheated leg meat of the SDA group. More
studies seem to be necessary to overcome
this weakness.
Similar results of the transfer of SDA in
milk are described by Bernal-Santos
et al
.
(2010) in lactating cows after duodenal
h e changed composition of GM plants and
derived feed may also inl uence the
composition of food of animal origin, as has
been demonstrated exemplarily for soybeans
with a modii ed fatty acid pattern. h e
introduction of two new genes ef ecting the
expression of Δ6 and higher expression of
Δ15-desaturases and the biosynthesis of a
highly unsaturated fatty acid with four
double bonds (see Chapter 7, Fig. 7.1), which
also occurs in echium oil (about 10% SDA;
Surette
et al
., 2004). h is stearidonic acid
(SDA; C18:4 n-3) may be transferred into
the body fat of non-ruminants, or may be
used as a precursor for longer fatty acid
chains (e.g. C20:5 n-3, eicosapentaenoic
acid, EPA; and C22:6 n-3, docosahexaenoic
acid, DHA) not only in non-ruminants (see
Tables 10.13 and 10.14), i sh (Cleveland
et
al
., 2012) and ruminants but also in humans
(James
et al
., 2003; Harris
et al
., 2007, 2008;
Banz
et al
., 2012). h e ei cacy of conversion
of SDA to EPA has varied between 3:1 and
6:1 in studies (James
et al
., 2003; Harris
et
al
., 2007; Whelan
et al
., 2012).
Stearidonic soybean oil contains between
20 and 30% SDA (see Chapter 7, Table 7.6).
Table 10.13.
Concentrations of some n-3 fatty acids (mg/100 g fresh tissue) in body samples of broilers
(unsupplemented control or supplemented with fi sh oil or SDA oil). (From Rymer
et al
., 2011.)
+45 (grower) and 50 g fi sh oil
(fi nisher diet) per kg feed
+45 (grower) and 50 g SDA oil
(fi nisher diet) per kg feed
Sample
Control
Fat content (g/kg):
Breast meat
Leg meat
Skin
39.9
68.0
481.0
29.9
67.4
422.0
39.4
70.7
465.0
Breast meat:
C18:4 n-3
C20:5 n-3
C22:6 n-3
3
12
7
13
49
107
231
28
14
Leg meat:
C18:4 n-3
C20:5 n-3
C22:6 n-3
10
5
8
36
141
185
442
53
21
Skin:
C18:4 n-3
C20:5 n-3
C22:6 n-3
111
31
21
286
1058
921
3673
317
78
