BIOMATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING METHODS FOR SCAFFOLD IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE - Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - page 25

1.2.4.4 Small intestine submucosa
Porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS) is one of the impor-
tant materials for natural ECM scaffolds. 28 Many researchers have
described systematically that an acellular resorbable scaffold mate-
rial derived from the SIS has been shown to be rapidly resorbed, to
support early and abundant new blood vessel growth, and to serve
asatemplatefortheconstructiveremodelingofseveralbodytissues,
including musculoskeletal structures, skin, body wall, dura mater,
urinary bladder, and blood vessels. 1 The SIS material consists of
naturally occurring ECM that has been shown to be rich in compo-
nents that support angiogenesis, such as fibronectin; glycosamino-
glycans, including heparin; several collagens, including types I, III,
IV, V, and VI; and angiogenic growth factors, such as basic fibrob-
last growth factor and vascular endothelial cell growth factor. 29 For
thesereasons,SISscaffoldhasbeensuccessfullyusedtoreconstruct
for urinary bladder, vascular grafts, cartilage, and bone, alone or as
a composite withsynthetic polymers andinorganic biomaterials.
1.2.4.5 Silk
Silk is widely used in clinics as suture material. It is composed of
a filament core protein such as fibroin and a gluelike coating such
as sericin protein. Silk from the silkworm ( Bombyx mori )andorb-
weaving spiders (e.g., Nephia clavipes ) has been explored to under-
stand the fabrication mechanisms and to exploit the properties of
these proteins for use as scaffolds biomaterials. Very recently, silk
fibroin has been increasingly tested and used for the innovative
biomaterials application because of relatively good biocompatibil-
ity, slow degradability, and remarkable mechanical properties of
the scaffold materials. 30 Also, the ability to control the molecular
structure and morphology through versatile processability and the
techniques of surface modification have expanded the utility for the
protein of silk fibroin for the scaffold materials for regenerative
medicine and tissue engineering. Scaffolds with a variety of shapes,
such as films, fibers, sponges, meshes, membranes, and yarns, have
been shown to support stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differ-
entiation in vitro and promote tissue repair in vivo . In addition, 3D