Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 1.10, cont'd
to accommodate for the possibility of human and vector species adapting
to arid conditions so that risk classes were downgraded depending on the
land cover. GlobCover bare areas classified as stable risk according to the
Pv
API were downgraded to unstable, and unstable risk was stepped down
to malaria free (
Fig. 1.10
A4-D4).
Medical intelligence was also used to refine the limits of
P. vivax
risk
(
Fig. 1.10
A5-D5). International travel guidelines (
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2009
;
WHO, 2010b
) and data obtained through
personal communications were applied to identify urban and sub-national
malaria free-areas. Urban areas have less malaria transmission than rural
areas because of the distinct ecological conditions that result from a man-
made environment (
Hay et al., 2005
;
Tatem et al., 2008
). Different species
