Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 1.10, cont'd
of
Anopheles
mosquitoes respond at varying degrees, but urbanisation has
been shown to reduce malaria transmission across Africa and in parts of the
Americas (
Hay et al., 2005
;
de Castro et al., 2006
). In Asia, a principal vec-
tor,
An. stephensi
, has adapted to urban environments by breeding in artificial
water collections (
Sharma et al., 1993
;
Sinka et al., 2011
) to the extent that
stable transmission has been observed in the majority of cities (70 out of
86 cities examined) in India reporting annual parasite index data (
Akhtar
et al., 2009
).
Anopheles culicifacies s.l.
has also been shown to transmit malaria
in urban settings, but population densities and sporozoite rates indicate that
this species is more affected by the environmental changes of urban areas
(
Nalin et al., 1985
;
Sharma et al., 1993
;
Sharma, 1995
;
Sinka et al., 2011
).
Therefore, it was assumed that urban transmission was maintained by only
