Introduction - Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers - page 5

Development includes an egg, two nymphal and two or
three inactive stages (termed propupae and pupae), and
is intermediate between that of hemimetabolous and
holometabolous insects: family

Development holometabolous, including egg, larval and
pupal stages.

Thripidae (p. 119); Suborder Nematocera: antennae of adults with a

scape, pedicel and flagellum, the flagellum
comprising numerous similar-looking segments,
each bearing a whorl of hairs. Larvae usually (not in
the Cecidomyiidae) with a well-defined head and
horizontally opposed mandibles: family Tipulidae
(p. 170); family Bibionidae (p. 172); family
Chironomidae (p. 173); family Sciaridae (p. 173);
family Cecidomyiidae (p. 174).

family Phlaeothripidae (p. 124).

Coleoptera: minute to large insects with biting
mouthparts; fore wings modified into horny elytra
which usually meet in a straight line along the back;
hind wings membranous and folded beneath the elytra
when in repose, but often reduced or absent; prothorax
normally large and mobile. Development
holometabolous, including egg, larval and pupal stages.
The largest insect order, with more than a quarter of a
million species worldwide.

Suborder Cyclorrapha: antennae of adults with a
scape, pedicel and flagellum, the flagellum usually
forming an enlarged, compound segment tipped by a
short, bristle-like arista. Larvae are maggot-like,
often tapering anteriorly; they possess distinctive,
rasping 'mouth-hooks', but the head is small and
inconspicuous; pupation occurs within the last larval
skin, which then forms a protective barrel-like
puparium from which the adult eventually escapes by
forcing off a circular cap (the operculum): family
Syrphidae (p. 189); family Tephritidae (p. 192);
family Psilidae (p. 193); family Ephydridae (p. 194);
family Drosophilidae (p. 194); family Agromyzidae
(p. 195); family Anthomyiidae (p. 206).

Superfamily Scarabaeoidea - a large group of often
very large, brightly coloured insects, some of which
possess enlarged horns on the head and thorax:
family Scarabaeidae (p. 125). Superfamily
Buprestoidea - minute to medium-sized, shiny,
metallic beetles, with the head sunk into the thorax,
eyes very large and antennae short and toothed:
family Buprestidae (p. 128). Superfamily
Elateroidea - elongate beetles with a hard
exoskeleton, the head sunk into the prothorax,
antennae toothed or comb-like, and hind angles
of the prothorax sharply pointed and often
extended: family Elateridae (p. 129). Superfamily
Cucujoidea - beetles usually with five visible
abdominal segments, and antennae often clubbed:
family Nitidulidae (p. 130); family Byturidae
(p. 130). Superfamily Chrysomeloidea - mostly
phytophagous beetles with 4-segmented tarsi (the
fourth segment very small), and larvae usually with
well-developed thoracic legs: family Cerambycidae
(p. 130); family Chrysomelidae (p. 132).
Superfamily Curculionoidea - a very large group,
including weevils and bark beetles. Antennae are
typically clubbed and usually geniculate, with a long
basal segment (scape); however, in some all antennal
segments are of a similar length. Larvae are usually
apodous: family Rhynchitidae

Lepidoptera: minute to large insects with two pairs of
membranous wings; cross-veins few in number; body,
wings and appendages scale-covered; adult mouthparts
suctorial but those of larvae adapted for biting; the
larvae are mainly caterpillar-like and phytophagous.
Development holometabolous, including egg, larval and
pupal stages.

Superfamily Eriocranioidea - adults with a short
proboscis; females with a piercing ovipositor; pupae
with functional mandibles: family Eriocraniidae
(p. 208). Superfamily Hepialoidea - adults with non-
functional, vestigial mouthparts and short antennae:
family Hepialidae (p. 210); Superfamily
Nepticuloidea - adults with wing venation reduced;
ovipositor soft: family Nepticulidae (p. 212); family
Tischeriidae (p. 214). Superfamily Incurvarioidea -
small, day-flying moths, with antennae of males often
very long: family Incurvariidae (p. 215). Superfamily
Cossoidea - heavy-bodied moths with a primitive
wing venation: family Cossidae

(p. 148); family

Attelabidae (p. 148); family Apionidae (p. 151);

family Curculionidae (p. 152).

Diptera: minute to large insects with a single pair of
membranous wings; hind wings reduced to small,
drumstick-like balancing organs (halteres); mouthparts
suctorial and sometimes adapted for piercing. Larvae
apodous, and usually with a reduced retractile head.

(p. 216); family

Castniidae (p. 217). Superfamily Zygaenoidea -