Introduction - Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers - page 6

a group of moths with complete venation but some
rudimentary features: family Zygaenidae (p. 218).
Superfamily Tineoidea - primitive moths with
narrow or very narrow wings: family Lyonetiidae
(p. 219); family Hieroxestidae (p. 222); family
Gracillariidae (p. 223); family Phyllocnistidae
(p. 234). Superfamily Yponomeutoidea - an
indistinct and rather diverse group: family Sesiidae
(p. 235); family Choreutidae (p. 236); family
Yponomeutidae (p. 237). Superfamily Gelechioidea -
a large group of moderately small moths: family
Coleophoridae (p. 246); family Oecophoridae
(p. 248); family Gelechiidae (p. 251); family
Blastobasidae (p. 253). Superfamily Tortricoidea - a
major group of moderately small moths with mainly
rectangular fore wings, and mainly leaf-folding or
leaf-rolling larvae: family Tortricidae (p. 254).
Superfamily Pyraloidea - a very large group of
mainly slender-bodied, long-legged moths, often with
narrow, elongate fore wings: family Pyralidae
(p. 286). Superfamily Papilionoidea - adults diurnal,
and with clubbed but terminally unhooked antennae:
family Pieridae (p. 290); family Lycaenidae (p. 291).
Superfamily Bombycoidea - often large to very large
moths, with non-functional mouthparts; male
antennae strongly bipectinate: family Lasiocampidae
(p. 291). Superfamily Geometroidea - mainly
slender-bodied moths with broad wings; larvae with a
reduced number of abdominal prolegs: family
Thyatiridae (p. 294); family Geometridae (p. 294).
Superfamily Sphingoidea - large-bodied, strong-
flying moths, often with a large proboscis; larvae
usually possess a characteristic dorsal horn on the
eighth abdominal segment: family Sphingidae
(p. 311). Superfamily Notodontoidea - a small group
of heavily bodied, mainly dull-coloured moths with
elongated wings, sometimes included within the
Noctuoidea: family Notodontidae (p. 315); family
Dilobidae (p. 318); family Thaumetopoeidae (p. 318).
Superfamily Noctuoidea - the largest group of
lepidopterous insects, with a wide variety of forms:
family Lymantriidae (p. 320); family Arctiidae
(p. 325); family Noctuidae (p. 330).

water, most species occupying characteristic cases
constructed from silk and pieces of vegetation or grains
of sand. Development holometabolous, including egg,
larval and pupal stages: family Limnephilidae (p. 354).

Hymenoptera: minute to large insects with, usually,
two pairs of membranous wings, the hind wings smaller
and interlocked with the fore wings by small hooks;
mouthparts adapted for biting but often also for lapping
and sucking; females possess an ovipositor, modified
for sawing, piercing or stinging. Development
holometabolous, including egg, larval and pupal stages.

Suborder Symphyta: includes sawflies, insects with
a well-developed ovipositor, and the abdomen and
thorax joined without a constriction or 'waist'; larvae
are mainly caterpillar-like and phytophagous.
Superfamily Megalodontoidea - a small group of
primitive sawflies, with a flattened abdomen: family
Pamphiliidae (p. 355). Superfamily Tenthredinoidea
- the main group of sawflies, adults with a saw-like
ovipositor: family Argidae (p. 356); family
Cimbicidae (p. 359); family Diprionidae (p. 360);
family Tenthredinidae (p. 361).

Suborder Apocrita: the main group of
hymenopterous insects, the first abdominal segment
being fused to the thorax and separated from the rest
of the abdomen (known as the gaster) by a wasp-like
'waist'. The suborder is composed of two groups: the
Parasitica (most of which are parasitic and have
the ovipositor adapted for piercing their hosts) and
the Aculeata (in which the ovipositor is modified into
a sting). Superfamily Cynipoidea - minute or very
small, mainly black insects, including gall wasps:
family Cynipidae (p. 393). Superfamily
Chalcidoidea - minute or very small, often metallic-
looking insects, most of which are parasitoids or
hyperparasitoids: family Eulophidae (p. 402); family
Eurytomidae (p. 402). Superfamily Scolioidea - a
large, primitive group of Aculeates, including ants:
family Formicidae (p. 403). Superfamily Vespoidea
- social wasps, the pronotum extending back to the
tegulae; larvae are fed on meat: family Vespidae
(p. 403). Superfamily Apoidea - generally hairy
insects (solitary bees or social bees), with broad hind
tarsi and the pronotum not extending back to the
tegulae; larvae are fed on nectar and pollen: family
Andrenidae (p. 403); family Megachilidae (p. 404).

Trichoptera: small, medium to large insects, with two
pairs of wings which are held in a roof-like position
when in repose; wings with few cross-veins and coated
with small, inconspicuous hairs. Larvae have biting
mouthparts and are omnivorous; they live submerged in