Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Pests of ornamental plants are found in many different
orders, the main groups being characterized as follows:
many are predacious:
family Tingidae
(p. 24);
family
Miridae
(p. 26).
Collembola:
small, wingless insects, often with a
forked springing organ ventrally on the fourth
abdominal segment; biting mouthparts; antennae
usually with four segments; metamorphosis slight:
family
Suborder Auchenorrhyncha:
wings (when present)
typically held over the body in a sloping, roof like
posture; fore wings (termed elytra) uniform
throughout and horny; hind wings membranous;
mouthparts arising from the base of the head and the
point of attachment rigid; entirely phytophagous.
Superfamily Cercopoidea
- tegulae absent; hind legs
modified for jumping, with long tibiae bearing one or
two long spines:
family Cercopidae
(p. 28).
Superfamily Fulgoroidea
- elytra with anal vein
Y-shaped; antennae 3-segmented:
family Flatidae
(p. 30).
Superfamily Cicadelloidea
- tegulae absent;
hind legs modified for jumping, with long tibiae
bearing longitudinal rows of short spines:
family
Cicadellidae
(p. 31).
Sminthuridae
(p. 20);
family
Onychiuridae
(p. 20).
Orthoptera:
medium-sized to large, stout-bodied
insects with a large head, large pronotum and usually
two pairs of wings, the thickened fore wings termed
tegmina; fore wings or hind wings reduced or absent;
femur of hind leg often modified for jumping; tarsi
usually 3- or 4-segmented; chewing mouthparts; cerci
usually short and unsegmented; development
hemimetabolous, including egg and several nymphal
stages:
family Gryllotalpidae
(p. 21);
family Gryllidae
(p. 21).
Suborder Sternorrhyncha:
wings (when present)
typically held over the body in a sloping, roof like
posture; fore wings and hind wings membranous and
uniform throughout; mouthparts arising from a
rearward position relative to the head and the point of
attachment rigid; entirely phytophagous.
Superfamily
Psylloidea
- antennae usually 10-segmented; tarsi 2-
segmented and with a pair of claws:
family Psyllidae
(p. 36);
family Triozidae
(p. 41);
family Carsidaridae
(p. 43);
family Spondyliaspidae
(p. 44).
Superfamily
Aleyrodoidea
- antennae 7-segmented; wings opaque
and coated in whitish wax:
family Aleyrodidae
(p. 45).
Superfamily Aphidoidea
- females winged or
wingless; wings, when present, usually large and
transparent, with few veins; abdomen often with a
pair of siphunculi:
family Aphididae
(p. 49);
family
Adelgidae
(p. 95);
family Phylloxeridae
(p. 100).
Superfamily Coccoidea
- females always wingless;
males usually with a single pair of wings and vestigial
mouthparts, and developing through a pupal stage;
tarsi, if present, 1-segmented and with a single claw:
family Diaspididae
Dermaptera:
elongate, omnivorous insects with biting
mouthparts; fore wings modified into very short, leathery
elytra; hind wings semicircular and membranous, with
radial venation; anal cerci modified into pincers;
development hemimetabolous, including egg and several
nymphal stages:
family Forficulidae
(p. 22).
Dictyoptera:
small to large, stout-bodied but rather
flattened insects with a large pronotum and two pairs of
wings, the thickened fore wings called tegmina; hind
wings folded longitudinally like a fan; chewing
mouthparts; antennae very long and thread-like; legs
robust and spinose, and modified for running; tarsi
usually 3- or 4-segmented; cerci many-segmented;
development hemimetabolous, including egg and
several nymphal stages:
family Blattidae
(p. 23).
Hemiptera:
minute to large insects, usually with two
pairs of wings and piercing, suctorial mouthparts; fore
wings frequently partly or entirely hardened;
development hemimetabolous, including egg and
several nymphal stages (the egg stage often omitted).
(p. 101);
family Coccidae
(p.
107);
family Eriococcidae
(p. 115);
family
Pseudococcidae
(p. 116);
family Margarodidae
(p. 118).
Suborder Heteroptera:
usually with two pairs of
wings, the fore wings (termed hemelytra) with a
horny basal area and a membranous tip; hind wings
membranous; wings held flat over the abdomen
when in repose; the beak-like mouthparts arise from
the front of the head and are flexibly attached;
prothorax large; some species are phytophagous but
Thysanoptera:
small or minute, slender-bodied insects
with short antennae and asymmetrical, piercing and
sucking mouthparts; a protrusible bladder at the tip of
each tarsus; wings, when present, very narrow with
hair-like fringes and greatly reduced venation. Nymphs
are similar in appearance to adults but are wingless.
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