Introduction - Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers - page 4

Pests of ornamental plants are found in many different
orders, the main groups being characterized as follows:

many are predacious: family Tingidae (p. 24); family
Miridae (p. 26).

Collembola: small, wingless insects, often with a
forked springing organ ventrally on the fourth
abdominal segment; biting mouthparts; antennae
usually with four segments; metamorphosis slight:
family

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha: wings (when present)
typically held over the body in a sloping, roof like
posture; fore wings (termed elytra) uniform
throughout and horny; hind wings membranous;
mouthparts arising from the base of the head and the
point of attachment rigid; entirely phytophagous.
Superfamily Cercopoidea - tegulae absent; hind legs
modified for jumping, with long tibiae bearing one or
two long spines: family Cercopidae (p. 28).
Superfamily Fulgoroidea - elytra with anal vein
Y-shaped; antennae 3-segmented: family Flatidae
(p. 30). Superfamily Cicadelloidea - tegulae absent;
hind legs modified for jumping, with long tibiae
bearing longitudinal rows of short spines: family
Cicadellidae (p. 31).

Sminthuridae (p. 20); family Onychiuridae

(p. 20).

Orthoptera: medium-sized to large, stout-bodied
insects with a large head, large pronotum and usually
two pairs of wings, the thickened fore wings termed
tegmina; fore wings or hind wings reduced or absent;
femur of hind leg often modified for jumping; tarsi
usually 3- or 4-segmented; chewing mouthparts; cerci
usually short and unsegmented; development
hemimetabolous, including egg and several nymphal
stages: family Gryllotalpidae (p. 21); family Gryllidae
(p. 21).

Suborder Sternorrhyncha: wings (when present)
typically held over the body in a sloping, roof like
posture; fore wings and hind wings membranous and
uniform throughout; mouthparts arising from a
rearward position relative to the head and the point of
attachment rigid; entirely phytophagous. Superfamily
Psylloidea - antennae usually 10-segmented; tarsi 2-
segmented and with a pair of claws: family Psyllidae
(p. 36); family Triozidae (p. 41); family Carsidaridae
(p. 43); family Spondyliaspidae (p. 44). Superfamily
Aleyrodoidea - antennae 7-segmented; wings opaque
and coated in whitish wax: family Aleyrodidae
(p. 45). Superfamily Aphidoidea - females winged or
wingless; wings, when present, usually large and
transparent, with few veins; abdomen often with a
pair of siphunculi: family Aphididae (p. 49); family
Adelgidae (p. 95); family Phylloxeridae (p. 100).
Superfamily Coccoidea - females always wingless;
males usually with a single pair of wings and vestigial
mouthparts, and developing through a pupal stage;
tarsi, if present, 1-segmented and with a single claw:
family Diaspididae

Dermaptera: elongate, omnivorous insects with biting
mouthparts; fore wings modified into very short, leathery
elytra; hind wings semicircular and membranous, with
radial venation; anal cerci modified into pincers;
development hemimetabolous, including egg and several
nymphal stages: family Forficulidae (p. 22).

Dictyoptera: small to large, stout-bodied but rather
flattened insects with a large pronotum and two pairs of
wings, the thickened fore wings called tegmina; hind
wings folded longitudinally like a fan; chewing
mouthparts; antennae very long and thread-like; legs
robust and spinose, and modified for running; tarsi
usually 3- or 4-segmented; cerci many-segmented;
development hemimetabolous, including egg and
several nymphal stages: family Blattidae (p. 23).

Hemiptera: minute to large insects, usually with two
pairs of wings and piercing, suctorial mouthparts; fore
wings frequently partly or entirely hardened;
development hemimetabolous, including egg and
several nymphal stages (the egg stage often omitted).

(p. 101); family Coccidae

(p. 107); family Eriococcidae (p. 115); family

Pseudococcidae (p. 116); family Margarodidae

(p. 118).

Suborder Heteroptera: usually with two pairs of
wings, the fore wings (termed hemelytra) with a
horny basal area and a membranous tip; hind wings
membranous; wings held flat over the abdomen
when in repose; the beak-like mouthparts arise from
the front of the head and are flexibly attached;
prothorax large; some species are phytophagous but

Thysanoptera: small or minute, slender-bodied insects
with short antennae and asymmetrical, piercing and
sucking mouthparts; a protrusible bladder at the tip of
each tarsus; wings, when present, very narrow with
hair-like fringes and greatly reduced venation. Nymphs
are similar in appearance to adults but are wingless.