Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 10.1 (Continued)
Summary of Ecotoxicity for Metallic and Semiconductor Nanoparticles
Nanomaterial
(Size)
Test Organism
Effect
References
Mouse
Neurotoxic, locomotor effects,
24-h postadministration
[77]
Mouse
Not toxic, 40-day clearance
study
[80]
CdHgTe TGA
capped
Mouse
Not toxic, 40-day clearance
study
[80]
Note:
Inh., inhibition; LPO, lipid peroxidation; MPA, mercaptopropionic acid; TGA, thiogly-
colic acid (or mercaptoacetic); TOPO, tri-
n
-octylphosphine.
a
Including
Escherichia coli
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Vibrio cholera
,
Bacillus subtilis
,
Staphylococcus
aureus
,
Listeria monocytogenes
, and
Micrococcus lylae
. Ag-loaded polystyrene is also toxic. Note
that smaller silver particles (9 nm) are more active than large ones (62 nm).
b
Marine bacteria
Photobacterium phosphoreum
.
c
Bacterial consortium taken from an industrial anaerobic digester, matrix may bind nano Ag/Cu.
d
Marine phytoplankton
Thalassiosira weissflogii.
.
e
Freshwater alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
.
f
Freshwater alga
Pseudokirchneriela subcapitata
.
g
Nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
.
h
Including
E. coli
,
B. subtilis
,
S. aureus
, and
L. monocytogenes
.
i
Exposure in agar gel,
Phaseolus radiatus
(bean) and
Triticum aestivum
(wheat).
j
Including
E. coli
,
S. aureus
, and
Enterococcus faecalis
.
k
Microtox bacteria, tested as soil-nanoparticle suspension.
l
California red kidney bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
) and ryegrass (
Lolium perenne
).
m
Radish
Raphanus sativus
, rape
Brassica napus
, ryegrass
Lolium perenne
, lettuce
Lactuca sativa
,
corn
Zea mays
, and cucumber
Cucumis sativus
.
n
Bacteria
E. coli
and
B. subtilis
.
o
Direct injection of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid block-copolymer
micelles.
p
MPA coating much less toxic than TOPO coating. Toxicity increased by UV light.
q
Following 48-h exp.
E. coli
and
B. subtilis
, only 20% inhibition in metal-tolerant
P. aeruginosa
.
r
Increased order of sensitivity:
B. subtilis
,
P. aeruginosa
,
E. coli
, and
S. aureus
.
Bacteriostatic effects are common for microbes, whereas bactericidal effects
were reported only upon coexposure of the NM with UV radiation (for TiO
2
)
or halides (for MgO) [57]. Most of the antimicrobial NPs belong to the group
of metals (i.e., silver) and metal oxides [55]. Metal NPs (e.g., copper, silver)
are often found more toxic to environmental receptors such as bacteria, alga,
Daphnia
, and zebrafish in comparison with metal oxides (e.g., TiO
2
, SiO
2
,
Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
). There are exceptions for some metal oxides that dissociate eas-
ily (e.g., MgO, CuO, ZnO) [22].
Semiconductors containing known toxic metals, such as the cadmium sel-
enide quantum dots, are also toxic for a range of receptors, whereas semi-
conductors made from nontoxic metals exhibit much lower toxicity, at least
