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CH
3
N
+
H
3
C
O
CH
3
CH
3
O
CH
3
DOTMA
CH
3
N
+
H
3
C
O
CH
3
CH
3
O
O
CH
3
O
DOTAP
CH
3
N
+
O
CH
3
HO
CH
3
CH
3
O
DMRIE
CH
3
N
+
O
CH
3
HO
CH
3
CH
3
O
DLRIE
Figure 4.9
Chemical structures of quaternary ammonium salt lipids I.
for transfection activity. Sigma Tau has worked out a similar concept for improv-
ing transfection efficiency by hydrophobic anchor modification and by introducing
a family of carnitine perfluorinated esters
[202]
. These compounds were found to
transfect efficiently in several human cell lines
in vitro.
The idea of using natural bio-
degradable material as building blocks of cationic lipid was conceptualized by Life
Technologies
[203]
, who proposed the DOTMA analogue as an alternative to the
established DOTAP
[204]
. It was commonly observed in all studies that ether linkage
between the lipophilic anchor and backbone tends to accumulate in fatty tissues of
living beings after repeated transfections.
Polyquaternary ammonium salt has gained much attention by different companies
and universities. Life Technologies has described a family of polyquaternary ammo-
nium salts such as (
N,N
,
N
,
N
-hexamethyl,
N,N
,
N
,
N
-tetrapalmyl) spermine and
(
N,N
,
N
,
N
-tetramethyl,
N,N
,
N
,
N
-tetrapalmyl) spermine, which are coformulated
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