Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
400,000,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
350,000,000
14,000,000
300,000,000
12,000,000
250,000,000
10,000,000
200,000,000
8,000,000
150,000,000
6,000,000
100,000,000
4,000,000
50,000,000
2,000,000
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-
1990
2000
2005
2010
2020
2030
Year
Series7
NMT
Taxi
Motorcycle
Bus
CO
2
Figure 6.18
Transport distance by mode and CO2 emissions in Jinan (Scenario 4)
2010a). In future scenarios, it is important to understand the implications of the expected
changes in travel distance, the relative efficiencies of the different modes of transport, and
the significant changes in modal shares for each form of transport. This is an important point
that is often overlooked - the extent to which policy interventions can affect behaviour.
Perhaps in China the likely impact of governmental actions are much greater than in other
contexts. The purpose below is to identify the likely range of measures available and how
best to group them in packages, and to comment on the scale of implementation.
Bus rapid transit
China has been investing huge amounts of money in transport infrastructure, including in
public transport. The National Energy Policy for China (2004) suggests that public transport
should be the main access method for large cities, with inter-city rail, and personal cars (and
bicycles) being used as supporting modes (Ng and Schipper, 2005). Many of the larger cities
are developing bus rapid transit (BRT) networks, including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and
Tianjin.
Jinan is developing a relatively extensive BRT network and this system is likely to be the
mainstay of the public transport system in the city, due to the cost-effectiveness of building
the system relative to a metro system. There are currently six routes and fifty-five BRT buses,
with a route length of 112 km, of which 35 km are dedicated lanes. Fares are low at around
US16 cents per trip for use of the whole network. By 2020 the BRT network is to be extended
to total 200 km, covering most of the major routes in Jinan. There are also plans to develop
a metro, but there are concerns over impacts on the famous springs in Jinan.
