Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Species
CO
2
(g) (ppmv);
CO
2
(μatm); pH; Ω; [CO
2-
]
(μmol kg
-1
)
p
Other
variables/
comments
Duration
Observed effect(s)
Ref.
Net calcii cation rate (wt% d
-
1
) increased between Ω
a
0.7 and 1.5 and
remained relatively constant between Ω
a
1.5 and 2.5.
Oculina arbuscula
C O
2
: 409; 606; 903; 2856
60 days
[64]
Ω
a
: 2.5; 2.0; 1.5; 0.7
Oculina patagonica
p H
U
: 8.0-8.3; 7.3-7.6
12 months
Complete dissolution of skeleton at low pH, but polyps maintained basic life
functions skeleton-less. Corals started calcifying and forming colonies when
returned to normal seawater conditions.
[19]
Crustaceans
Amphibalanus amphitrite
p H
NBS
: 8.2; 7.4
11 weeks
No signii cant effects were observed on larval condition, cyprid size, cyprid
attachment and metamorphosis, juvenile to adult growth, or egg production.
Barnacles developed in low-pH conditions showed larger basal diameter and
enhanced calcii cation. Nonetheless, central cell walls of these barnacles
required less force to penetrate than those developed in ambient conditions.
[52]
Linear increase in net calcii cation rate (wt% d
-1
) as a function of
decreasing Ω
a
Callinectes sapidus
C O
2
: 409; 606; 903; 2856
60 days
[64]
Ω
a
: 2.5; 2.0; 1.5; 0.7
Chthamalus stellatus
p CO
2
: 334; 957; 20812
Volcanic vent
N/A
Abundance was not signii cantly different between pH
T
7.83 to 8.14, but was
signii cantly reduced at the lowest pH condition.
[27]
pH
T
: 8.14; 7.83; 6.57
Ω
a
: 3.91; 2.43; 0.19
Elminus modestus
C O
2
: 412-413; 1076-1075
Temperature
30 days
Growth rate was signii cantly reduced in high-CO
2
and elevated T conditions
(~20°C vs. 14°C). No other signii cant effect was observed in response to CO
2
and/or T. Elevated temperature increased mortality, but there was no signii cant
effect of CO
2
on the survival of this species.
[18]
pH
NBS
: 7.96-7.98; 7.73
Ω
c
: 1.9-2.4; 1.4-1.5
Homarus americanus
C O
2
: 409; 606; 903; 2856
60 days
Maximum rate of calcii cation was observed at lowest Ω
a
. The net calcii cation
rate (wt% day
-
1
) decreased between Ω
a
0.7 and 1.5 and remained relatively
constant between Ω
a
1.5 and 2.5.
[64]
Ω
a
: 2.5; 2.0; 1.5; 0.7
Homarus gammarus
C O
2
: 315; 1200
28 days
The experimental conditions did not signii cantly affect carapace length, but there was a
reduction in carapace mass during the i nal stage of larval development with a
concurrent reduction in exoskeletal mineral content. Caution is advised in interpreting
the results as there was an unexplained elevation of A
T
in the high-CO
2
treatment.
[4]
pH
U
: 8.39; 8.10
Ω
a
: 4.33; 4.38
Hyas araneus
C O
2
: 380; 710; 3000
Temperature
24 h
Thermal sensitivity in terms of Q
10
values of heart rate increased with increasing
CO
2
concentration, suggesting a potential narrowing of the thermal window
for these crabs as a result of ocean acidii cation.
[77]
pH
U
: 8.0; 7.8; 7.3
Semibalanus balanoides
C O
2
: 346; 922
104 days
Survival of adults was reduced by 22% in high-CO
2
conditions compared with
control conditions. Embryonic development was signii cantly slower in high
CO
2
and the time to hatch was delayed by 19 days compared with the
control conditions.
[17]
pH
NBS
: 8.07; 7.70
