Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
VKT
VHT
Vehicle Trips
1.0%
0.0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
percentage of increase in parking cost
Fig. 21.5
Effect of increasing parking fees in the Netanya super zone
commuting trips from the Netanya super zone to the Tel Aviv CBD, and relatively
good transit service (both bus and rail) exists between these two super zones. The
outcome is a reduction in the total number of trips between them, and this could
explain the reduction in total VKT and VHT for all increases in parking fees.
21.4.3 Pollutant Emission Results
This section presents results for selected types of emissions (NO
X
and CO) for the
base case scenario and a 75 % increase in parking fees. The results were computed
by applying Eq. (
21.2
) to every link in the transportation network and aggregating
the results for the super zone level. As was seen in the previous section (see
Fig.
21.3
and the discussion following it), a 75 % increase in parking fees represents
the point at which both VKT and VHT decrease at the metropolitan level. Table
21.2
presents results for the overall metropolitan area.
An examination of the mean emission values for the entire TAMA (as in
Table
21.2
) shows that increasing parking fees by 75 % results in only a 3 %
reduction in emissions. However, this result represents the overall average. The
results obtained for each super zone, as presented in Table
21.3
, allow an under-
standing of the dynamics and the influence of urban land-use and transportation
planning on vehicle pollutant emissions.
The results for the Tel-Aviv CBD super zone show a significant reduction in
pollutant emissions (20 % NO
x
and 28 % CO emissions). In contrast, the Netanya
super zone exhibits an increase in emissions. This is due to the fact that a certain
percentage of trips changed their destination from the CBD to the outskirts of the
