Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 21.2
Selected emissions for the TAMA (morning peak hour)
75 % Increase
in parking fee
Percentage
change (%)
Pollutant
Base case scenario
NO
x
emissions (kg)
1.94
1.88
3
NO
x
emissions (kg/km
2
)
1.29
1.26
3
CO emissions (kg)
3.21
3.13
3
CO emissions (kg/km
2
)
2.14
2.09
3
Table 21.3
Selected emissions for the CBD and Netanya super zones (morning peak hour)
CBD super zone
Netanya super zone
Base case
scenario
75 % parking
fee increase
Change
(%)
Base case
scenario
75% parking
fee increase
Change
(%)
Pollutant
NO
x
emissions (kg)
249.88
207.59
20
347.18
373.39
7
NO
x
emissions
(kg/km
2
)
4.86
4.04
20
0.9
0.97
7
CO emissions (kg)
399.47
313.11
28
431.44
637.24
32
CO emissions
(kg/km
2
)
7.78
6.09
28
1.17
1.65
32
metropolitan area, such as the Netanya super zone (increase of 7 % NO
x
and 32 %
CO emissions). It should be noted that even when dispersion conditions are bad, CO
concentration levels recorded in the Netanya super zone are very low in comparison
to established standards. Therefore, an increase of 32 % CO emissions in this super
zone will not lead to a violation of these standards; that is, the CO concentrations
will still be significantly below the level permitted for this super zone.
Analyzing the level of emissions per square km emphasizes the fact that a
diversion of private vehicle trips to the outskirt areas might actually have a positive
effect on metropolitan air quality. The reason is that sparsely developed areas such
as the Netanya super zone still have much better air quality, even after the diversion
increases the total emissions. On the other hand, the diversion of private trips to the
outskirts significantly improves the air quality of the Tel-Aviv CBD compared to
the base case scenario.
An important point that should be emphasized is that the model assumes the
same existing transit service before and after the change in parking fees. Although
the model predicts that a certain percentage of trips will be diverted from the CBD
to the outskirts of the TAMA (such as the Netanya super zone), most trips will
continue to enter the CBD by means of either private vehicles or public transit.
Summary and Conclusions
This article stresses the need for parking-policy measures as a tool for further
implementation of urban land-use and transportation-planning policies. The
findings show that parking policies have significant influence on transportation
and air-quality variables. Parking policies alone can reduce air-pollutant
