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Glasser (1986) posited it was not enough to help individuals face reality; they must
also have help in fulfilling their needs. Glasser (1986) developed the approach of reality
treatment, including the characteristics of self-confidence, independency, and self-esteem.
Glasser has since written many topics and articles based on helping to explore an individu-
al's quality world, which he describes as the small, distinctive world one creates throughout
life comprising all the unique accumulated ways in which one meets individual needs
(Glasser 1986). Glasser (1986) purported the role of therapists is to assist individuals in
creating the support necessary to achieve a quality world through fulfillment of their needs.
Bandura, a contemporary of Glasser, maintained supplementary ideas. Bandura (1986) pur-
ported an influence on one's actions commonly has an alignment with observation of the
actions of others. Bandura (1977) noted an important outcome of observation is that indi-
viduals are able to see the consequences of another's behavior. He wrote:
Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the
effects of their own actions to inform them of what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned
observationally through modeling; from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are per-
formed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. (Bandura 1977, p. 22)
Bandura's (1977) findings are related to cognitive learning, embracing a broader aspect,
that is to say, for the most part, he reached out or covered a large area with his findings
to incorporate other motivational factors in behavioral change. His work included a focus
on the attainment of behaviors gained through observation and repetition and serves to un-
derscore the value of observation and the imitation of behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
responses (Bandura 1977). The modeling results from the interaction of the individual with
the environment. Bandura (1977) made the distinction that observation can occur without
the ultimate modeling of the learned behavior (Bandura 1977). Through his work in for-
mulating a social cognitive theory, Bandura recognized motivational characteristics and
self-regulatory mechanisms, as well as environmental factors, influence behavior (Bandura
1977).
In the study of human development, Maslow's (1954) proposed behavior presents as an
integrated whole. Stimulation to meet one's needs, desires, or goals does not always occur
in the conscious state; it may manifest as unconscious motivation with alternative implic-
ations. Incentives to meet needs originate in the physiological sense, but once met, an in-
trinsic drive exists for humans to advance to meet additional capacities (Maslow 1954). It
is not unusual for a conscious desire to emerge in alliance with another desire that is un-
known or forthcoming (Maslow 1954).
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