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In-Depth Information
The production of electricity in 2009 was 20,053 TWh. Sources of electricity
were fossil fuels 67 %, renewable energy 16 % (mainly hydroelectric, wind,
solar and biomass), and nuclear power 13 %, and other sources were 3 %. The
majority of fossil fuel usage for the generation of electricity was coal and gas.
Oil was 5.5 %, as it is the most expensive common commodity used to produce
electrical energy. Ninety-two percent of renewable energy was hydroelectric
followed by wind at 6 % and geothermal at 1.8 %. Solar photovoltaic was
0.06 %, and solar thermal was 0.004 %. Greenhouse gas emissions from power
plants and other industrial facilities declined by 4.5 % from 2011 to 2012 as
utilities continued to switch from coal to natural gas to generate electricity and
produced slightly less power overall. Taking into consideration of emission
factor equaled 7.0555
10
−
4
metric tons CO
2
/kWh, 2,250 MtC was emitted to
the atmosphere in 2011 out of the electric power production. It is expected that
coal will be occupy the energetic niche 36 % to the 2020.
×
An average CO
2
emission was increased by 1 % during 1990
1995 and by
1.4 % from 1995 to 2001. The most input to the CO
2
emission gives the electric
power generation. Under this, the contribution of separate economic sectors
was: 1.7
-
-
2.0 %
—
industry, 2.0
-
2.3 %
—
building, and
−
1.0 to
−
2.8 %
—
agriculture.
Many experts will expect that the level of 550 ppm CO
2
stabilization on can be
reached to 2100 due to the reduction of its emission by 7
-
70 %. Such uncer-
tainty is determined by the variety between the estimations of CO
2
sources and
sinks both natural and anthropogenic.
Total emission of CO
2
under the fossil fuel combustion for 2001 was assessed as
24 GtCO
2
(6.6 GtC) per year. Under this 47 % of this emission was realized by
developed countries, 13 % by countries with transient economics, and 25 % by
developing countries from Paci
c sector of Asia. Input of separate sources was:
263 MtC/year
—
automobile industry, 1,173 MtC/year
—
building and manufac-
tories, 1,150 MtC/year
—
traveling transport, and 520 MtC/year
—
residential
areas.
Input of greenhouse gases to the variation of the Earth
'
is radiation balance is
20 % for CO
2
and 6 % for nitrogen oxides.
Tables
5.12
,
5.13
and
5.14
characterizes a distribution of CO
2
emission by the
economic sectors and regions. It is expected that growth of CO
2
emissions by total
volume is changed from 24,409 MtCO
2
in 2002 to 33,284 MtCO
2
in 2015, and it
achieved 38,790 MtCO
2
to 2025 exceeded the level of 1990 by 81 %.
Despite the fact that Kyoto Protocol after its rati
cation by Russia 16 February
2005 came into force for more than 55 countries its recommendations on the CO
2
emission reduction no simplify the realization of real prognosis of the energetics
development during nearest decades. Nevertheless,supposing that all countries
signed the Kyoto Protocol will follow to its recommendations, we receive that
average rate of CO
2
emission increase due to fossil fuels combustion during 2002
-
2025 will be to equal to 2 %. The prognosis can be improved to a certain extent,
taking into consideration of data given in Table
5.15
where a comparison between
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