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a
I
B1
I
B2
I
B3
o
2
o
2
−o
1
V
01
y
2
I
02
C
1
DVCCCTA
I
01
z−
−o
1
z
y
1
x
V
02
C
2
b
100
0
−100
0
10
20
30
40 50
Time (µs)
60
70
80
90
100
50
0
−50
0 0 0 0 0 0
Time (µs)
60
70
80
90
100
Fig. 13.11 DVCCCTA based QO proposed by Jaikla et al. [
43
](a) Circuit configuration (b) The
growing oscillation of quadrature oscillations for VM and CM (c) Steady state waveforms for the
quadrature VM and CM outputs (d) The frequency spectrums for VM and CM outputs
are electronically controllable namely R
x
of the front end CC and the transcon-
ductance gain g
m,
it follows that any circuit built around this building block can,
therefore, take advantage of reducing two external resistors and using in their place
implicitly
Rx and 1/g
m
as electronically-variable resistors. That this can indeed be
done was demonstrated by Jaikla, Siripruchyanun and Lahiri [
43
] who demon-
strated that a resistor-less dual-mode QO can indeed be made from only a single
DVCCCTA block. Their proposition is shown in Fig.
13.11
.
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