Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the surrounding neighborhood would be increased more than enough to offset the
cost of the slum improvements. However, while ADB welcomed this proposal,
Malaysia's Economic Planning Unit (EPU) (the NEcPA of Malaysia), which was
in top-level charge of the KVEIP project, vetoed the proposal in apprehension
that this would further increase the illegal immigration problem.
URBAN SANITATION
Although many aspects of urban sanitation are discussed in other sections of this
chapter, some additional information on selected subjects is provided here.
Ports and Harbors
A common problem in DCs is that design of ports and harbors generally pays
little attention to furnishing adequate provisions for sanitation/water pollution
control. Guidelines for helping resolve this problem were prepared for use in
Thailand in 1980
50
.
One of the findings of the major programs in water pollution control in the
industrialized countries over the past two decades is that ports/harbors, as conven-
tionally designed, built, and operated, tend to become “sanitation messes,” with
much lower sanitation levels than the rest of the urbanizing zone in which the
port/harbor is located. It was found that this occurred because sanitation facilities
in port/harbor areas had been planned the same as for urbanizing areas in general,
without recognizing that special provisions must be made in the design of the
port/harbor complex if acceptable sanitation conditions are to be maintained. In
addition, it was found that it is relatively inexpensive to solve this problem for
new ports/harbors if appropriate special sanitation measures are incorporated into
the system from the outset, and that if this not done, it will be very expensive
(and perhaps unaffordable) to correct the situation later.
The evaluations made of actual sanitation mess situations in the United States
and elsewhere have shown that the following measures must be incorporated
into the planning/design of the port/harbor complex in both ICs and DCs if it is
expected to be able to maintain an acceptable level of sanitation in the port/harbor
area, including consideration both of shipping and of shore installations:
1. Provision of an adequate water supply distribution system recognizing the
extraordinary water supply demands in port/harbour complexes (usually
considerably higher than for other urban zones), including pier installations
for hose connections for furnishing fresh water to ships.
2. Provision of an adequate sewage collection, treatment, and disposal system
serving the entire complex, including a shoreline interceptor for receiving
liquid wastes from all shoreline installations. (In conventional practice such
an interceptor is usually not provided because it is expected that slips will
discharge treated sewage directly into the harbor waters.)
