Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
expansion of the program to include many major secondary cities throughout the
country.
A significant “political” problem occurred at Jakarta where some of the tap
franchise holders built water storage tanks plus pumping to enable them to “suck
up” the water supply in the surrounding distribution system (their authority legally
permitted them to serve only a fixed number of families); thus, enabling them to
go into business on their own, due to the lack of adequate governmental controls,
stemming mostly from the diverse ethnic groups in the city. No such problem
occurred with the KIP project at Surabaya where the city has no ethic divisions
and the city government did establish effective controls.
Urban Slum Sanitation Planning Manual
The Jakarta KIP experience led
to a project for preparing a World Bank design manual on how to plan/design
KIP facilities including provisions for management, financing, and O&M
154
.This
manual is one of the Bank's “Kalbermattan” series of manuals on Low Cost
Sanitation Manuals for use by DCs prepared in the 1980s. Home sewage disposal
utilizes pour-flush toilets with dual leaching pits, with special desludging service
operated by the municipal government, which is equipped with special trucks,
and pumping to gain access to homes located on narrow lanes.
Klang Valley Environmental Improvement Project (KVEIP)
An ADB
sponsored project, the “Klang Valley Environmental Improvement Project”
(KVEIP) completed in 1987
5
, prepared a master plan for recommended environ-
mental improvement in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia, which includes the
capital (Kuala Lumpur) and many other cities and is the major industrial region
in the country. And, of course, this region had been a “magnet” for attracting
immigration from rural areas, resulting in formation of large-scale slum areas in
the region. One of the components of the overall environmental planning was
the task on what to do about these slum areas, mostly inhabited by “illegal”
people who entered the region without government permit to change their place
of residence. Hence, they were legally classified as “squatters” without any
obligation by the government to provide for them.
Because of their legal policy, the government established a governmental unit,
equipped with bulldozers, with the job of destroying the squatter homes. At the
time, the costs of housing had increased to levels no longer affordable even to
some nonsquatter people, and some of these moved to live in the illegal but cheap
slum housing, including the chief of the slum bulldozing operations. Discussions
with him showed that the home destruction approach was not working because
the squatters promptly rebuilt the homes within a period of days.
The problems of the slum areas were very similar to those of the kampungs
in Indonesia. Based on the success of the Indonesia KIP experience, the KVEIP
study prepared a recommended project following the same KIP approach, includ-
ing provision of a project for upgrading the community service facilities in these
slum areas following the KIP guidelines. This included an economic analysis that
showed that if these areas were upgraded as proposed, the value of the land in
