Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
3. This includes provision of special hose connections so ships can readily
connect to them and discharge their sewage, bilge water, and other liquid
wastes into the sewage collection system. (Without these, it can be expected
that most ships will discharge raw sewage and bilge waters directly into
the harbor waters.)
4. Provision of a comprehensive solid waste management system for the entire
complex including provisions so that ships can readily be serviced by the
system, otherwise the ships will likely dump the wastes into the harbor.
5. Where the port/harbor is to be used for importing or exporting petroleum
oil or products from refining of oil, additional special measures must be
provided to control the hazard of oil spills.
Coastal City of Chonburi in Thailand
Many of the homes in the coastal area of this city are built on stilts over shallow
coastal water areas that, in earlier years, were regularly cleaned by tidal flush-
ing, but because of coastal development the sewage discharged from the homes
remains under them — hence, these areas are a “sanitation mess.” A study done in
1984
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recommended that the city correct this problem by filling the space under
the homes with city refuse, which will promptly be consolidated and stabilized
because of its water content (see section “Urban Solid Waste Management”).
The initial work would be done by the city with no cost to the homeowner. The
work would involve filling the sites with refuse in a systematic manner up to the
desired ground elevation, covering if with a thin layer of soil to eliminate prob-
lems from rats, odors, and so on, and periodically continuing the process as the
refuse degrades and settles until a stable fill to the desired depth is achieved. Once
the homeowners are confident that the filling enhances sanitation and increases
property values, it is anticipated they will want and even demand the service and
may be willing to pay for it.
Public Water Supply Taps
While public water supply taps are widely used for improving environment in
urban slum areas, these are also valuable for use in other municipal areas where
house connections are generally unaffordable. A review of this usage on Asian
DCs, made for the World Bank in the 1980s
71
, resulted in the following eight
findings:
1. While the construction cost of the public tap varies widely (in the range of
$100 to $1,000), the indicated usual cost is about $400 for an installation
sufficient to serve about 30 families (average of seven persons) with an
average consumption of about 30 lcd (or about 6 m
3
/d per tap). The price
of water delivered to the tap (paid to the municipal water agency) is in the
order of US$0.10, or 10 cents/m
3
, and the price to the family getting water
directly from the tap is about 40 cents/m
3
. Where vendors are used, the
price to the public is usually three times as much.
