Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
where CO
i
is the emission coefficient of oil, gas, coal or biomass; SedFil
i
;
l
is the
fraction of feedstock that is not combusted; RemFrac
2
;
l
is the fraction of emissions
that can be scrubbed during electricity and/or hydrogen generation; ESU
ui
;
l
;
m
is the
energy (in Joules) that needs to be combusted as secondary energy (electricity) to
meet demand and that needs to be converted to primary energy for emission
calculations by multiplying with the conversion coefficients gu
ui
;
l
;
m
and gij
i
;
ESH
hi
;
l
;
m
is the energy (in Joules) that needs to be combusted as secondary energy
(hydrogen) to meet demand and that needs to be converted to primary energy for
emission calculations by multiplying with the conversion coefficients gh
hi
;
l
;
m
and
gij
i
. gh
hi
;
l
;
m
is the transformation efficiency when electricity and hydrogen is
produced. gij
i
is the transformation efficiency from primary to secondary fuel
conversion. FFcons equals to primary fuel demanded for transformation into
secondary fuel supply.
For each of the end-use sectors emissions are based on fuel mode demands,
attributing shale oil production emissions and flared emissions to the industrial
sector.
EmSC
k
¼
X
j
CO
j
Fjk
j
;
k
;
l
;
m
1
SedFil
j
;
l
ð
3
:
8
Þ
where CO
j
is the emission coefficient of oil, gas, coal or biomass; SedFil
j
;
l
is the
fraction of the feedstock that is not combusted; Fjk
j
;
k
;
l
;
m
is the primary fuel
demands.
3.1.3 Scenarios
3.1.3.1 Socio-economic Analysis on China
With a rapid development of economy in China in the past 30 years, GDP has a great
increase from 364.52 billion Yuan at the beginning of reform and opening up to
34.05 trillion Yuan in 2009, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 9.6 %. This
growth rate is significantly higher than those of most other countries worldwide.
Meanwhile, China is rapidly industrialized and urbanized. Urbanization level in
China rose from 18 % in 1978 to 46.6 % in 2009, and it will reach 65 % by 2030.
Urban population growth will not only directly bring about the increase of consumer
demand, but also put forward more requirements for urban infrastructure invest-
ment. Industrialization and urbanization will certainly exacerbate some structural
contradictions, which will raise the cost of labor, land, natural resources and social
undertakings. However, industrialization and urbanization is still the main internal
driver for economic growth for a long time in China.
China's population growth has stepped into the phase with the character of ''low
birthrate, low death rate and low growth'' since the early twenty-first century. Some
