Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
CO 2 Emissions from the AgLU Module
Carbon emissions from land-use change are calculated as the difference in carbon
stock between periods. Land use changes over time in response to changing
demands, income, agricultural technologies, and prices of agricultural products.
Each regional land-use category is assigned a carbon density for soils and above
ground plant material. Changes in land use are translated directly to changes in
carbon stocks. The net carbon emissions equal to the product of area of land use
changes multiply carbon densities for each land-use change class.
For crops, pasture, forests, and bare land, the carbon emissions from above
ground are calculated as follows:
EmLC i ; l ; m ¼ X
nr
Land use i ; l ; m Land use i ; l ; m 1
N step
CLdens l ; i
ð 3 : 5 Þ
l¼1
where i is an index for land use: crops, pasture, forests, and bare land.
Carbon emissions from soils are based not only on land use changes, but also on
decomposition of carbon according to decay rates. Thus, 60 % of soil carbon is
assumed to decay when land use change occurs during the simulated time period
(Pd 0 = 0.6); 30 % of the soil carbon is assumed to only decay in the next time
period (Pd 1 = 0.3), and 10 % of the soil carbon is assumed to decay during the
second time period-30 years-after the land use change occurs (Pd 2 ¼ 0 : 1).
"
#
EmSC i ; m ¼ X
X
nr
m
CSdens l ; i Pd m Land use m Land use m 1
N step
ð 3 : 6 Þ
l¼1
m¼m 2
CO 2 Emissions from ERB Module
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use in the ERB module are calculated
under the condition that global fuel demands have been determined. Emissions are
equal to carbon emission coefficient times the amount of fuel used. Energy
transformations (such as synthetic fuels, electricity generation, and hydrogen
production) are associated to the region where the transformation occurs.
For conventional oil, gas, coal, and biomass, emissions are calculated as fol-
lows. If RemFrac 2 ; l parameter is not equal to zero, carbon removal through
scrubbing technology are taken into consideration. Emissions from direct biomass
burning are set to zero in most scenarios.
FFcons
RemFrac 2 ; l
EmSC i ¼CO i
1 SedFil i ; l
ð 3 : 7 Þ
biggr
ESU ui ; l ; m gu ui ; l ; m gij i þ ESH hi ; l ; m gh hi ; l ; m gij i
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