Metallurgy of Key Minerals - Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources - page 248

Table 8.3: Energy requirements for the production of different mineral com-
modities

Energy requirements, GJ/t CO 2 emissions, tCO 2 /t

Metal Mining

&
Benef.

Source Smelt.

& Re-
fin.

Source Whole

pro-
cess

Source Sec.

Prod.

Source Prim.

Prod.

Source Sec.

Prod.

Source

REO 1.02E+01(Koltun and

Tharumarajah,
2008)

280.8
-
416.0

(Koltun and
Tharumarajah,
2008)

37.2
-
45.6

(Koltun
and
Tharu-
marajah,
2008)

27.1 (Bouorakima,

2011)

6.45 Bouorakima

(2011)

Rhenium 156 (Botero, 2000) 15 (Botero, 2000)

REE
(Bast-
nae-
site)

10.2 (Botero, 2000) 374 (Botero, 2000)

Silver 1,281 (Kellogg, 1977;

Kennecott Utah
Copper, 2006c)

284.76 (Kellogg, 1977;

Kennecott Utah
Copper, 2006c)

1582 (Kellogg, 1977)

Silver
(Ar-
gen-
tite)

1281.42 (Botero, 2000) 284.76 (Botero, 2000)

Tantalum 1,375 (Botero, 2000)

Tantalum 3,083 (Classen et al.,

2007)

8.1 (Classen et al.,

2007)

Tin 157.3

(alluvial)-
187.5(vein)

(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)

19.6
(allu-
vial) -
127
(vein)

(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)

18.2 (Grimes et al.,

2008)

200 (Grimes et al.,

2008)

0.2 (Grimes

et al.,
2008)

2.18 (Grimes

et al.,
2008)

0.03 (Grimes

et al.,
2008)

15.2 (Richter et al.,

1996)

11.4 (Richter et al.,

1996)

Titanium 361 (Norgate et al.,

2007)

361 (Norgate et al.,

2007)

35.7 (Norgate

et al.,
2007)

23 (Bravard et al.,

1972)

687 (Bravard et al.,

1972)

Titanium (TiO 2 ) 406.8 Yoshiki-

Gravelsins et al.
(1993)

430 (Batelle-

Columbus-
Laboratories,
1975)