Metallurgy of Key Minerals - Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources - page 247

Table 8.3: Energy requirements for the production of different mineral com-
modities

Energy requirements, GJ/t CO 2 emissions, tCO 2 /t

Metal Mining

&
Benef.

Source Smelt.

& Re-
fin.

Source Whole

pro-
cess

Source Sec.

Prod.

Source Prim.

Prod.

Source Sec.

Prod.

Source

Mercury 157 (Chapman and

Roberts, 1983)

252 (Chapman and

Roberts, 1983)

Molybdenum 136 (Chapman and

Roberts, 1983)

12 (Chapman and

Roberts, 1983)

Neodymium 523.2 -

780.0

(Koltun and
Tharumarajah,
2008)

67.2-
87.4

(Koltun
and
Tharu-
marajah,
2008)

Nickel (average value) 27 (Barkas, 2009) 244 (Barkas, 2009) 150-

750

(Barkas, 2009) 26.6 (Barkas,

2009)

114-
194

(Norgate et al.,
2007)

11.4
-
16.1

(Norgate
et al.,
2007)

20.64 Grimes et al.

(2008)

1.86 Grimes

et al.
(2008)

2.12 Grimes

et al.
(2008)

0.22 Grimes

et al.
(2008)

Nickel laterites 1,720

(1.5%Ni)

(Norgate and Ja-
hanshahi, 2011)

25 -
46

(Mudd,
2010a)

6.3 (Chapman and

Roberts, 1983)

340 -
800

(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)

252
-
572

(Mudd, 2010a)

Nickel sulphides 42-85 (IPPC, 2009) 100 (Mudd, 2010a) 10 (Mudd,

2010a)

67 (Chapman and

Roberts, 1983)

100-
200

(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)

285.6 Hancock (1984)

PGM 175,000 (Mudd, 2007b; 23,451 (Saurat,

2006)
39,400 (Mudd,
2007b;
Glaister
and
Mudd,
2010)

Glaister and

Mudd, 2010)

Phosphate
rock
(Ap-
atite)

0.29 (Botero, 2000) 5 (Botero, 2000)

Potassium
(Sylvite)

3.071 (Botero, 2000)

Praseodymium 285.9 -

430.1

(Koltun and
Tharumarajah,
2008)

36.2
-
44.8

(Koltun
and
Tharu-
marajah,
2008)