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Table 8.3: Energy requirements for the production of different mineral com-
modities
Energy requirements, GJ/t
CO
2
emissions, tCO
2
/t
Metal
Mining
&
Benef.
Source
Smelt.
& Re-
fin.
Source
Whole
pro-
cess
Source
Sec.
Prod.
Source
Prim.
Prod.
Source
Sec.
Prod.
Source
Gypsum
0.202
Assumed as
Limestone (IPPC,
2001)
Indium
2,875
(Botero, 2000)
Iron
1
(Botero, 2000)
19.2
(Grimes et al.,
2008)
23
(Norgate et al.,
2007)
11.7
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
1.67
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
0.7
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
0.36
(DEUK, 1983)
27.2
(DEUK, 1983)
18
(IPPC, 2009)
5.9
(IPPC,
2009)
2.6
(Norgate
et al.,
2007)
2
(Boustead and
Hancock, 1979)
27.8
(Boustead and
Hancock, 1979)
0.64
(Batelle-
Columbus-
Laboratories,
1975)
28.8
(Batelle-
Columbus-
Laboratories,
1975)
Lanthanum
285.6 -
428.6
(Koltun and
Tharumarajah,
2008)
35.3
-
44.0
(Koltun
and
Tharu-
marajah,
2008)
Lead
0.89
(Classen et al.,
2007)
3.28
(IPPC, 2002)
20
(Norgate et al.,
2007)
2.1
(Norgate
et al.,
2007)
14
(Barkas, 2009)
1.4
(Fthenakis
et al.,
2007)
10
(Grimes et al.,
2008)
0.13
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
1.63
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
0.015
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
Lime
0.36
(DOE, 2001)
5.76
(IPPC, 2001)
Lithium
12.5
(Botero, 2000)
420
(Botero, 2000)
432.5
(Kellogg, 1977)
Magnesium
(from
dolomite)
46.8-
50.4
(IPPC, 2009)
Magnesium
(from
seawa-
ter)
406.8-
467.7
(Hancock,
1984;
Yoshiki-
Gravelsins et al.,
1993)
Manganese (FeMn)
9.10E-
04
(Batelle-
Columbus-
Laboratories,
1975)
57.3
(Batelle-
Columbus-
Laboratories,
1975)
0.16
Adelhardt
and
28.5
Adelhardt
and
Saiger (1999)
Saiger (1999)
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