Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 8.3: Energy requirements for the production of different mineral com-
modities
Energy requirements, GJ/t
CO
2
emissions, tCO
2
/t
Metal
Mining
&
Benef.
Source
Smelt.
& Re-
fin.
Source
Whole
pro-
cess
Source
Sec.
Prod.
Source
Prim.
Prod.
Source
Sec.
Prod.
Source
Aluminium
54
(Norgate et al.,
2007)
211
(Norgate et al.,
2007)
22.4
(Norgate
et al.,
2007)
47
(Grimes et al.,
2008)
2.4
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
30.5
(Barkas, 2009)
69
(Barkas, 2009)
Alumina
120
(IAI, 2008)
Antimony
1.4
(Botero, 2000)
12
(Botero, 2000)
Arsenic
9
(Botero, 2000)
19
(Botero, 2000)
Beryllium
7.2
(Botero, 2000)
450
(Botero, 2000)
Bismuth
(Bis-
muthi-
nite)
3.6
(Botero, 2000)
52.8
(Botero, 2000)
Cadmium
109.5
(Kihlstedt, 1975)
264
(IPPC, 2002)
279
(IPPC, 2002)
Cerium
470.2-
702.2
(Koltun and
Tharumarajah,
2008)
60.5
-
74.7
Chromium (FeCr)
0.084
(Classen et al.,
2007)
36.3
(Classen et al.,
2007)
42.5
(IPPC, 2009)
1.5
(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)
62.6
(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)
Copper
66.7
(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)
47
(Chapman and
Roberts, 1983)
33 -
64
(Norgate et al.,
2007)
16.9
-
25.5
(Grimes et al.,
2008)
6.3
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
1.25
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
1.57
(Grimes
et al.,
2008)
21.4
(Classen et al.,
2007)
Cobalt
(Lin-
naeite)
9.2
129
Fluorite
1.45
(Botero, 2000)
Gadolinium
2,944.5
-
4,369.5
(Koltun and
Tharumarajah,
2008)
380.2 -
467.0
(Koltun
and
Tharu-
mara-
jah,
2008)
Gallium
12,660
(Kellogg, 1977)
Germanium
2,216
(Kellogg, 1977)
Gold
143,000 (Mudd, 2007b)
11,500 (Mudd,
2007b)
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