Transportation Costs - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 242

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4

petrol diesel

0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

year

Fig. 16.3 Tendencies of fuel prices in Germany

800

600

400

200

0

petrol diesel LPG CNG alcohols CTL FAME BTL H 2 (NG) H (wind)

2

kind of fuels

Fig. 16.4 Retail costs of fuels in 2010

16.3 Prices of Measurement Technology

Scientific measuring instruments for analyzing engine's emissions which are
needed for development and Type approval in transportation, cost more than
€100,000-150,000 or US $143,000-214,500 at the same level [ 5 ]. Laser remote
sensing, depending on the type, costs on average between €50,000 and 100,000 or
US $71,500 and 143,000 [ 6 ].
The measurement devices for Type approval are the same for vehicles, air-
planes, and ships:

• Chemo Luminescence Detector for NO x , i.e., the sum of NO and NO 2 ;
• Flame Ionization Detector for HC; and
• Fourier Transformation Infra Red device for CO and CO 2 .
Sensors for temperature, pressure, and oxygen concentrations in exhaust gas
cost only one to two dozen Euros or US Dollars, because mass production lowers
their cost. It is expected that the development of selective and durable OBM
sensors for the measurement of exhaust gases is more expensive and the process
requires a longer time interval.