Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
satellite
MSI, AIS
SRAS
MPI, FMM
coastal
station
ship with telecommunication
equipment
Fig. 14.8
Elements of ship's navigation
Sensors installed in roads and on vehicles communicate with each other. Data
can be sent via GPS, Global System for Mobile communication, and Short
Message Service to a telemetry center controlling the traffic.
The combination of on-board sensors with satellite systems is gaining influence.
Organization measures for the continuous flow of traffic, e.g., intelligent ''green
wave'' in variable road intersections and the introduction of environmentally
friendly road pricing and on-board measurement in traveling vehicles can improve
road navigation.
In the future wireless units could be built into vehicles and at traffic lights and
emergency call boxes along the road. Sensors in vehicles and at fixed locations, as
well as connections to wider networks, could provide information to drivers. The
range of radio links could be extended by forwarding messages along highly
frequented paths. Drivers could use this information to reduce the chance of
collisions, to avoid bottlenecks, and to decrease the rate of fuel consumption and
emissions.
14.4.2 Airplane Navigation
Current airspace has a density four times higher than 20 years ago. Safe and
efficient flight has been gaining more and more importance. Starts begin with
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