Environmental Engineering Reference
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waterways. In ship navigation, developments make it possible to introduce specific
navigation centers, similar to aviation.
AIS VHF transmission can ensure uninterrupted Differential Global Positioning
System (DGPS) availability, even in severe weather conditions or with high
interference. AIS information is collected with additional signals from radar, echo
locators, and sonar [
61
].
Signals of all sensors could be displayed on a monitor of the bridge. The
integration of Self Diagnosis service with AIS base station broadcasts could save
costs for fuels and future fees for exhaust gas emissions.
14.3.5 Reporting Environmental Damaging Incidents at Sea
Exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption do not yet belong to the control
parameters of AMOC. However, the rising prices of marine fuel and the height-
ened emission regulations could lead to the measurement and reporting of both
parameters [
62
]. An electronic Fuel Marine Monitoring device could discover
deteriorations, wear in the combustion, in the exhaust gas after treatment system,
in the auxiliary devices, and also in the propulsion, regulation, and steering system
and send the message to the ship's owner so that management can reduce fuel
costs and increase the operational efficiency [
63
].
Figure
14.8
presents the main elements of ship's navigation.
14.4 Summary and Recommendations: Impact of Navigation
on Fuel Consumption and Emissions
Transportation is based on two main fields:
• Worldwide navigation; and
• Reasonable fuel prices for road traffic, aviation, and maritime shipping.
The efficiency of transportation strongly depends on the quality of navigation.
Data and information for optimal navigation are transmitted via a worldwide
communication net.
14.4.1 Vehicle Navigation
Road traffic uses telemetry to continuously organize traffic flow. Navigation sys-
tems have electronic, magnetic, or optical sensors and wires installed in mea-
surement and operating equipment.
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