General Provisions - Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems for Safety and Security - page 27

software), equipment families, etc). However even
from this chapter can be included that problems
of NPP I&C safety were, are and will be actual.
The confirmation of that is the experience of big
accidents in NPPs: Three Miles Islands, Chernobyl
and Fukushima, which changed requirements to
NPP as whole and to NPP I&C particularly.
Chapter 1 with common information contained
the main future directions. Note only three from
them.
Problem of NPP life extension are belonging
more and more actual for the most countries- NPP-
operators (USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, etc).
Decision of this problem is impossible without
wide I&C modernization.
Fukushima lessons have to be learned (de-
velopment of sensors able to sustain extreme
environmental impacts inside containment in
case of accidents, the application of the wireless
sensors; improvement of seismic resistance, etc).
Computer technology is susceptible to a num-
ber of cyber threats, (what are changed quickly-
remember STUXNET worm) and the issues of
cyber security should be taken into account in the
process of NPP I&C development, implementa-
tion, operation and safety.

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IAEA. (2007). Terminology used in nuclear safety
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