Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1
Scenarios for measure assessment
Fuel tax regulation CO
2
target
Low tech.
investment
High tech.
investment
Business as usual
TDM
Energy
availability
Generally accepted energy
supply forecast
A0
A1
A2
A3
Worst case energy supply
forecast
B0
B1
B2
B3
Table 2
Speciication for the Baseline Scenarios (based on STEPs EU Co-funded R&D
Project
[20]
)
Oil market (annual change in %)
Scenario A
Scenario B
Fuel prices
Gasoline/liter
+1.0% /
+4.0%
Diesel/liter
+1.0% /
+4.0%
Electric/unit
+0.0%
+0.0%
CNG/unit
+1.0%
+4.0%
Hybrid/unit
+1.0%/
+4.0%
Hydrogen/unit
+1.0%
+1.0%
Transport energy sub-system (annual change in %)
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Improving energy
efficiency for car
Fuel consumption/
gas. Car
−0.5%
−2.0%
Fuel consumption/
diesel car
−1.0%
−3.0%
Alternative tech.
Emission factors
−8.1%
−16.0%
Car fleet (growth/share)
Conventional (gas/
diesel)
−1%/72%
−2.1%/55%
Hybrids:
+12.5%/15%/
+13.5%/20%
CNG
+10%/10%
+2%/15%
Electric
+3%/1%
+7%/5%
Hydrogen
+3%/2%
7.8%/5%
Transport scheme (final % of change)
Scenario 3
PT accessibility
Access time
(min)
−30%
PT frequency
Waiting time
(min)
+20%
Public transport fares
€
−50%
Public Transport Speed (exclusive lanes)
In-vehicle time
(min)
+25%
Traffic calming
Average speed
−10%
Intermodal network
Changing time
−15%
Current parking schemes
(inner city)
Short term (€)
Long term (€)
Up to 5€
Up to 12€
expressed in terms of CO2 emissions. In the case of Spain, 15% over 1990 CO2
emissions level was the commitment. But there are not specific CO2 targets for the
transport sector, and even less on a local environment. The role of transportation for
reducing GHG emissions needs to be determined, and targets need to be specified.
