Fuel Tax Levels Necessary to Achieve the Agreed Reduction Targets of CO2 Emissions. The Case of Madrid - Highway and Urban Environment - page 350

Fig. 2 CLD for the transport model - commute trips by car in MARS using the software
VENSIM [24]
would be penalized with higher levels of tax. This tax levels will be clearly be
affected by the evolution both of the oil price (Scenarios A = Low Price; B = High
Price) and the technology development (Scenarios 1 = Low Technology Investments;
Scenarios 2 = High Technology Investments).
By combining the policy dimension with the energy-availability dimension, a
scenario framework was set up.
In order to explore the optimal tax policy under different situations, not just from
the technological or the oil price situation, but within a strategy of different travel
demand measures, an integrated policy measures was put forward in order to seek
for a more balanced strategy with the same target (Scenarios 3 = Travel Demand
Measures (TDM)). These dimensions were compared with business as usual alterna-
tives (labeled as Scenarios 0), where no policy measures were assumed (Table 1 ).
Scenarios are summarized in Table 2 , based on the figures contemplated in
STEPs EU Funded Project [18] . Vehicle fleet stocks were constructed based on
ASTRA model results for STEPs Scenarios [19] .
CO 2 Emissions Target Adopted
Several assumptions were set up for the fuel tax regulation scenarios. Regarding
climate policy, the scenario assumes that all the countries fulfill their individual
Kyoto target in accordance with the Burden Sharing Agreement with the targets